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Does sexual dimorphism vary by population? Laryngeal and ear anatomy in cricket frogs.
by McClelland BE, Ryan MJ, Wilczynski W via Larynx
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Does sexual dimorphism vary by population? Laryngeal and ear anatomy in cricket frogs.

Curr Zool. 2019 Jun;65(3):343-352

Authors: McClelland BE, Ryan MJ, Wilczynski W

Abstract
Acoustic communication in many anuran species can show the effects of both natural and sexual selection. This is reflected in the sexually dimorphic anatomy of the larynx and ear structures, as well as the allometric relationship of these morphological traits to head or body size. In this study, we examined laryngeal and ear structures of cricket frogs Acris crepitans not only as sexually dimorphic characteristics, but also as they differ across populations in environmentally different habitats. We used 2-way ANOVA to determine whether the volumetric or linear measurements of these structures differed by sex and population. Females have significantly larger body, head, and ear sizes, but significantly smaller larynges than males. Furthermore, females as well as males show larger body and head sizes, ears, and larynges in a dryer open habitat. An ANCOVA analysis shows that males, but not females, differ in laryngeal size across populations beyond the allometric changes attributable to head size alone indicating that males have a greater degree of laryngeal population variation. In contrast, our covariate analysis found that in both sexes many of the ear differences are non-significant once head size is accounted for, suggesting that most of the population-level ear variation is due to allometric effects of body size. We conclude that although both sexes show size differences in the larynx related to selection for larger body size in dry, open habitats, selection on males for larger larynx size related to the production of lower frequency calls in those habitats does not result in correlated changes in the female larynx. The results suggest that in anurans, selection for changes in body and head size affects both sexes equally, male calls and the vocal structures responsible for them can further diversify without concordant changes in females.

PMID: 31263493 [PubMed]

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Thyroid gland flap minimizes mucosal defects at supracricoid partial laryngectomy with cricohyoidoepiglottopexy.
by Sano R, Okamoto H, Inukai D, Tsuzuki T, Ueda H, Ogawa T via Larynx
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Thyroid gland flap minimizes mucosal defects at supracricoid partial laryngectomy with cricohyoidoepiglottopexy.

Auris Nasus Larynx. 2019 Jun 29;:

Authors: Sano R, Okamoto H, Inukai D, Tsuzuki T, Ueda H, Ogawa T

Abstract
Wound infection is a major complication after supracricoid partial laryngectomy with cricohyoidoepiglottopexy (CHEP) for radiation therapy failure. A 60-year-old man received chemoradiotherapy for a glottic carcinoma. CHEP, reusing the thyroid gland flap (TF), was performed because the cancer recurred after a salvage vertical partial laryngectomy following radiation therapy failure. The TF was sutured to the supraglottis and cricoid cartilage mucosa to minimize mucosal defects before the hyoid bone and cricoid cartilage were sutured. Wound healing after CHEP was good without infection. After decannulation, oral food intake was possible without aspiration, and speech function was comparable to that of other patients who had supracricoid partial laryngectomies. Histopathological examination revealed a close connection between the TF and its surrounding tissues without fibrous scarring. TF may improve wound healing after CHEP for radiation failure by minimizing mucosal defects.

PMID: 31262623 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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Subacute TGFβ expression drives inflammation, goblet cell hyperplasia, and pulmonary function abnormalities in mice with effects dependent on CFTR function.
by Kramer EL, Hardie WD, Madala SK, Davidson C, Clancy JP via Larynx
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Subacute TGFβ expression drives inflammation, goblet cell hyperplasia, and pulmonary function abnormalities in mice with effects dependent on CFTR function.

Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2018 09 01;315(3):L456-L465

Authors: Kramer EL, Hardie WD, Madala SK, Davidson C, Clancy JP

Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) produces variable lung disease phenotypes that are, in part, independent of the CF transmembrane conductance regulator ( CFTR) genotype. Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) is the best described genetic modifier of the CF phenotype, but its mechanism of action is unknown. We hypothesized that TGFβ is sufficient to drive pathognomonic features of CF lung disease in vivo and that CFTR deficiency enhances susceptibility to pathological TGFβ effects. A CF mouse model and littermate controls were exposed intratracheally to an adenoviral vector containing the TGFβ1 cDNA (Ad-TGFβ), empty vector, or PBS only. Studies were performed 1 wk after treatment, including lung mechanics, collection of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and analysis of lung histology, RNA, and protein. CF and non-CF mice showed similar weight loss, inflammation, goblet cell hyperplasia, and Smad pathway activation after Ad-TGFβ treatment. Ad-TGFβ produced greater abnormalities in lung mechanics in CF versus control mice, which was uniquely associated with induction of phosphoinositide 3-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. CFTR transcripts were reduced, and epithelial sodium channel transcripts were increased in CF and non-CF mice, whereas the goblet cell transcription factors, forkhead ortholog A3 and SAM-pointed domain-containing ETS-like factor, were increased in non-CF but not CF mice following Ad-TGFβ treatment. Pulmonary TGFβ1 expression was sufficient to produce pulmonary remodeling and abnormalities in lung mechanics that were associated with both shared and unique cell signaling pathway activation in CF and non-CF mice. These results highlight the multifunctional impact of TGFβ on pulmonary pathology in vivo and identify cellular-response differences that may impact CF lung pathology.

PMID: 29877096 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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