A case of dystrophic calcification in the masseter muscle

Abstract

Background

Dystrophic calcification can occur in any soft tissue with the absence of a systemic mineral imbalance and is often associated with trauma, infection, or inflammation. It is easily found in the site of the heart and skeletal muscles and rarely appears in the head and neck area.

Case report

We present a rare case of multiple calcified masses in the left masseter muscle of a 26-year-old female with a history of trauma in the area. In computed tomography, multiple radiopaque masses were observed inside the left masseter muscle and blood test results were normal. The calcified masses were diagnosed as dystrophic calcification and removed by surgery without any complications.

Conclusion

Different types of calcifications may occur in the cheek area, and they need to be distinguished from dystrophic calcification. Thorough clinical examination and history taking is required together with blood testing and radiographic examinations.

Recent advances in dental implants

Abstract

Dental implants are a common treatment for the loss of teeth. This paper summarizes current knowledge on implant surfaces, immediate loading versus conventional loading, short implants, sinus lifting, and custom implants using three-dimensional printing. Most of the implant surface modifications showed good osseointegration results. Regarding biomolecular coatings, which have been recently developed and studied, good results were observed in animal experiments. Immediate loading had similar clinical outcomes compared to conventional loading and can be used as a successful treatment because it has the advantage of reducing treatment times and providing early function and aesthetics. Short implants showed similar clinical outcomes compared to standard implants. A variety of sinus augmentation techniques, grafting materials, and alternative techniques, such as tilted implants, zygomatic implants, and short implants, can be used. With the development of new technologies in three-dimension and computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) customized implants can be used as an alternative to conventional implant designs. However, there are limitations due to the lack of long-term studies or clinical studies. A long-term clinical trial and a more predictive study are needed.

Extreme Violence and the Invisibility of Women Who Murder: The Intersectionality of Gender, Race, Ethnicity, Sexual Orientation, and Gender Identity Equals Silence

Violence and Gender , Vol. 0, No. 0.

Features and influencing factors of nitrogen and phosphorus diffusive fluxes at the sediment-water interface of Erhai Lake

Abstract

Nitrogen and phosphorus diffusion at the sediment-water interface is vital to the water quality of lakes. In this paper, N and P diffusive fluxes at the sediment-water interface in Erhai Lake were studied using the sediment-pore water diffusive flux method. Characteristics of temporal and spatial variation of N and P diffusive fluxes were analyzed. Effects of the physicochemical properties of sediments and overlying water were discussed. Results showed that (1) the total N and P diffusive fluxes at the sediment-water interface of Erhai Lake are relatively low. The diffusive flux of ammonia nitrogen is 8.97~74.84 mgd⁻¹ m⁻², higher in the middle of the lake, followed by the northern and southern regions successively. The P diffusive flux is −0.007~0.050 mgd⁻¹ m⁻², higher in northern region of the lake, followed by middle and southern regions successively. The annual N diffusive flux has two peaks, and the higher peak is in September. The annual P diffusive flux shows a "V-shaped" variation, reaching the valley in July. N and P diffusive fluxes decrease with an increase of sediment depth. Overall, N and P diffusive fluxes at the sediment-water interface in Erhai Lake show different temporal and spatial variation. (2) Aquatic plants promote N and P diffusion at the sediment-water interface in Erhai Lake. The pH, DO, and SD of the overlying water are important influencing factors for the P diffusive flux. P diffusive flux is inversely proportional to the total phosphorous (TP) concentration of the overlying water. The physicochemical environment of overlying water slightly influences the N diffusive flux. The activity of sediments and the organic content are two main influencing factors of N diffusive flux, while P content and morphology of sediments are the main influencing factors of P diffusive flux. Iron and manganese ions are important elements that influence N and P diffusive fluxes at the sediment-water interface. (3) The P diffusive flux at the sediment-water interface in Erhai Lake is mainly affected by the physical and chemical properties of water, whereas the N diffusive flux is mainly influenced by the mineralization of organic matter in sediments. The P diffusive flux at the sediment-water interface is sensitive to the overlying water quality. Sediment transformation from "source" to "sink" was observed in 1 year. On the contrary, N diffusive flux is less sensitive to lake water quality. Endogenetic pollutant control in Erhai Lake should focus on P control.

Histological liver chances in Swiss mice caused by tannery effluent

Abstract

Although tannery effluents are known for being highly toxic to organisms, reports about the effects of the intake of these xenobiotics on experimental mammal models are recent. Studies about the damages the chronic intake of these effluents can cause in the liver of outbred mice remain an unexplored field. Thus, the aim of the present study is to assess (histological) the hepatic condition of Swiss mice (outbred strain) chronically exposed to the intake of different raw tannery effluent concentrations diluted in water for 150 days. Accordingly, the mice (males and females) were divided in the following groups: control group—animals treated with drinking water, only; and groups 5 and 10%—treated with raw tannery effluent diluted in water. After exposure, the animals were subjected to euthanasia for liver fragment sample collection and histological analysis, respectively. Moderate hydropic degeneration was observed in the centrilobular regions of the liver of mice exposed to 5 and 10% tannery effluent, as well as greater amounts of hepatocytes presenting karyomegaly and necrotic hepatocytes, and a smaller amount of Kuffer cells in the liver of mice exposed to the xenobiotic. Finally, animals exposed to 10% tannery effluent showed mild hyperplasia of the bile ducts in the portal areas and fibroblast proliferation around the bile ducts, thus suggesting a fibrous process. Except for the frequency of hepatocytes presenting karyomegaly (lower in females), the herein observed hepatic changes were similar in male and female Swiss mice. Accordingly, the present data support the hypothesis that the chronic intake of tannery effluent by outbred mice (Swiss) causes damages in the liver, a fact that broadens the knowledge about the toxic potential of this pollutant, which goes beyond that of C57Bl/6J male mice (inbred strain).

Determination of heavy metals in canned fruits and vegetables sold in Jordan market

Abstract

In this study, the concentrations of selected heavy metals including Pb, Zn, Cr, Ni, Cu, As, and Cd in different brands of canned vegetables and fruits including canned tomato sauce (ketchup), canned green beans, canned whole carrots, and canned juice (pineapple) imported to Jordanian market were determined by acid digestion and atomic absorption spectroscopy. Samples were collected from popular Jordanian markets, Irbid city, Northern Jordan (11 samples of each type). The metal concentrations in the samples analyzed were found to be in the range of 2.6–3.0 mg/kg for Pb, 0.50–0.60 mg/kg for Cd, 2.50–5.10 mg/kg for As, 0.84–0.91 mg/kg for Cu, 0.32–3.02 mg/kg for Zn, 0.66–1.71 mg/kg for Cr, and 0.97–2.94 mg/kg for Ni. The results obtained showed that Pb and As have the highest concentrations in the most of samples analyzed, whereas, the lowest concentrations obtained were mainly in Cd. For example, in canned tomato sauce, the average concentrations of heavy metals are 3.50 mg/kg for As, 0.50 mg/kg for Cd, 0.66 mg/kg for Cr, 0.89 mg/kg for Cu, 1.15 mg/kg for Ni, 2.95 mg/kg for Pb, and 1.02 mg/kg for Zn. The results of this study reveal that the concentration of some toxic heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Ni, As, and Cd) in canned vegetable and fruit samples being sold in Jordanian markets exceeded the permissible limits set by different health organizations.

Nitrogen deposition reduces the cover of biocrust-forming lichens and soil pigment content in a semiarid Mediterranean shrubland

Abstract

Biocrusts are key drivers of the structure and functioning of drylands and are very sensitive to disturbance, including atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition. We studied the impacts of simulated N deposition on biocrust community composition and soil photosynthetic and photoprotective pigment content after five years of N application in a European semiarid Mediterranean shrubland. The experiment consisted in six experimental blocks with four plots, each receiving 0, 10, 20, or 50 kg NH₄NO₃-N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ + 6–7 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ background. After 5 years of N application, total lichen cover decreased up to 50% compared to control conditions and these changes were only clearly evident when evaluated from a temporal perspective (i.e. as the percentage of change from the first survey in 2008 to the last survey in 2012). In contrast, moss cover did not change in response to N, suggesting that biocrust community alterations operate via species- and functional group-specific effects. Interestingly, between-year variations in biocrust cover tracked variations in autumnal precipitation, showing that these communities are more dynamic than previously thought. Biocrust species alterations in response to N were, however, often secondary when compared to the role of ecologically relevant drivers such as soil pH and shrub cover, which greatly determined the composition and inter-annual dynamics of the biocrust community. Similarly, cyanobacterial abundance and soil pigment concentration were greatly determined by biotic and abiotic interactions, soil pH for pigments, and organic matter content and shrub cover for cyanobacteria. Biocrusts, and particularly the lichen component, are highly sensitive to N deposition and their responses to pollutant N can be best understood when evaluated from a temporal and multivariate perspective, including impacts mediated by interactions with biotic and abiotic drivers.

Silver bioaccumulation in chironomid larvae as a potential source for upper trophic levels: a study case from northern Patagonia

Abstract

Silver (Ag) is a pollutant of high concern in aquatic ecosystems, considered among the most toxic metallic ions. In lacustrine environments, contaminated sediments are a source of Ag for the food web. Chironomidae (Insecta: Diptera) are the most abundant, diverse, and representative insect groups in aquatic ecosystems. Chironomid larvae are closely associated to benthic substrates and link primary producers and secondary consumers. Given their trophic position and their life habits, these larvae can be considered the entry point for the transference of Ag, from the benthic deposit to the higher trophic levels of the food web. Previous studies in lakes from Nahuel Huapi National Park (Northern Patagonia) showed Ag enrichment over background levels (0.04–0.1 μg g⁻¹ dry weight) both in biota (bivalves and fish liver) and sediments from sites near human settlements. The aim of this study was to analyze the role of chironomids in the transference of Ag from the benthic reservoir of Lake Moreno Oeste to the food web. The concentration of Ag in chironomid larvae tissue ranged from 0.1 to 1.5 μg g⁻¹ dry weight, reaching a bioaccumulation factor up to 17 over substrates and depending on the associated substrate type, feeding habitats, larval stage, and season. The main Ag transfer to higher trophic levels by chironomids occurs in the littoral zone, mostly from larvae inhabiting submerged vegetation (Myriophyllum quitense) and sediment from vegetated zones. This study presents novel evidence of the doorway role played by chironomid larvae in Ag pathways from the sediments into food webs of freshwater ecosystems.

The different fate of antibiotics in the Thames River, UK, and the Katsura River, Japan

Abstract

Little is known about the mechanisms influencing the differences in attenuation of antibiotics between rivers. In this study, the natural attenuation of four antibiotics (azithromycin, clarithromycin, sulfapyridine, and sulfamethoxazole) during transport along the Thames River, UK, over a distance of 8.3 km, and the Katsura River, Japan, over a distance of 7.6 km was compared. To assist interpretation of the field data, the individual degradation and sorption characteristics of the antibiotics were estimated by laboratory experiments using surface water or sediment taken from the same rivers. Azithromycin, clarithromycin, and sulfapyridine were attenuated by 92, 48, and 11% in the Thames River stretch. The first-order decay constants of azithromycin and sulfapyridine were similar to those in the Katsura River, while that of clarithromycin was 4.4 times higher. For sulfamethoxazole, the attenuation was limited in both rivers. Loss of sulfapyridine was attributed to both direct and indirect photolysis in the Thames River, but to only direct photolysis in the Katsura River. Loss of azithromycin and clarithromycin was attributed to sorption to sediment in both rivers. The probable explanation behind the difference in loss rates of clarithromycin between the two rivers was considered to be sediment sorption capacity.

Comparing discrimination capabilities of fluorescence spectroscopy versus FT-ICR-MS for sources and hydrophobicity of sediment organic matter

Abstract

Characterizing the chemical and molecular composition of sediment organic matter (SeOM) provides critical information for a complete picture of global carbon and nutrient cycles, and helps to track the sources and the fate of organic carbon in aquatic environments. In this study, we examined fluorescence properties and the molecular composition of the alkaline-extractable organic matter (AEOM) of sediments in a coastal lake (Lake Sihwa) and its surrounding creeks (rural, urban, wetland, and industrial areas). Five fluorescence-based indices and 20 molecular parameters were selected from fluorescence spectroscopy and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS), respectively, and utilized to discriminate the AEOM among five different sources as well as the chemical composition of hydrophobic acid (HoA) and hydrophilic (Hi) fractions. Ordination based on Bray–Curtis dissimilarity matrices showed that the fluorescence-based indices distinguished among urban, lake, and the three other sources, while the molecular parameters from FT-ICR-MS performed better in discriminating among the sources of rural, wetland, and industrial areas. Irrespective of the sources, the two different chemical fractions were statistically distinguished by their relative distributions of the UVA-humic-like fluorescent component and the carbohydrate molecular group. However, a rigorous test based on percent dissimilarities indicated no superior capability of either of the two tools in discriminating the sources or their two chemical fractions, which might be attributed to the inherent structural heterogeneity of SeOM and the limited analytical window of FT-ICR-MS for relatively large-sized molecules.

Copyright

Publication date: January 2018
Source:Dermatologic Clinics, Volume 36, Issue 1

Contributors

Publication date: January 2018
Source:Dermatologic Clinics, Volume 36, Issue 1

Contents

Publication date: January 2018
Source:Dermatologic Clinics, Volume 36, Issue 1

Forthcoming Issues

Publication date: January 2018
Source:Dermatologic Clinics, Volume 36, Issue 1

Cosmetic Dermatology for Men

Publication date: January 2018
Source:Dermatologic Clinics, Volume 36, Issue 1
Author(s): Neil S. Sadick

Cosmetic Concerns Among Men

Publication date: January 2018
Source:Dermatologic Clinics, Volume 36, Issue 1
Author(s): Marc Zachary Handler, David J. Goldberg

Teaser

Men are interested in reducing signs of aging, while maintaining a masculine appearance. A chief concern among men is maintenance of scalp hair. Men are also concerned with reducing under eye bags and dark circles. The concern of feminization is of significant importance. Neuromodulators remain the most common cosmetic procedure performed in men. Men often prefer a reduction in facial rhytids, as opposed to elimination of the lines. Softening facial lines in men is meant to maintain an appearance of wisdom, without appearing fragile. Men also wish to maintain a taut jawline and a slim waist and reduce breast tissue.

Cosmetic Concerns Among Ethnic Men

Publication date: January 2018
Source:Dermatologic Clinics, Volume 36, Issue 1
Author(s): Michelle Henry

Teaser

Men of all races are currently more open to requesting and undergoing treatments for a plethora of cosmetic concerns. Among the most common goals are procedures that combat the signs of aging, rejuvenate the skin, even out the color tone, address textural issues such as acne scarring, and improve hair disorders. Given the differences in cultural ideals and anatomic/physiologic differences in ethnic skin, it is important for physicians to be aware and sensitive to the nuances required when providing consultation and treating non-Caucasian men. The main cosmetic concerns of this patient cohort and their optimal management are presented.

Cosmeceuticals for Male Skin

Publication date: January 2018
Source:Dermatologic Clinics, Volume 36, Issue 1
Author(s): Zoe Diana Draelos

Teaser

The male cosmeceutical market is still underdeveloped. Although women embrace skin care as a part of general health, this concept has not gained wide male acceptance. Shaving is probably the most beneficial daily grooming event men commonly undertake for skin appearance and may account for the failure of antiaging cosmeceuticals to attract attention in this segment. In addition, there are many physiologic differences between male and female skin, with less of a need for moisturization and photoprotection in men. This article highlights some of the differences between male and female skin along with the unique product attributes required to address these differences.

The Use of Neurotoxins in the Male Face

Publication date: January 2018
Source:Dermatologic Clinics, Volume 36, Issue 1
Author(s): Isabela T. Jones, Sabrina G. Fabi

Teaser

Injection of neurotoxin is the most commonly performed cosmetic procedure in the United States, and the total number of male patients seeking botulinum has steadily increased over the years. Because of their unique aesthetic goals, expectations, and anatomy, men require differing botulinum toxin doses and techniques. This article provides an evidence-based approach to botulinum toxin in men. Each area of the face is discussed separately, focusing on gender differences in anatomy, treatment goals, and injection method.

Volumetric Structural Rejuvenation for the Male Face

Publication date: January 2018
Source:Dermatologic Clinics, Volume 36, Issue 1
Author(s): Neil S. Sadick

Teaser

Fillers and toxins are safe, quick, and require no downtime; the immediately visible results can boost a man's self-esteem, confidence, youthfulness, and sense of competitiveness in the personal and professional realms of the world. The approach to using these agents has changed from ironing out the skin to remove wrinkles and lines to a restructuring of the 3-dimensional face. This new strategy, volumetric structural rejuvenation (VSR), relies on intimate knowledge of facial anatomy and the pathophysiology of aging. It is of essence to know the key anatomic differences between the 2 sexes to avoid potential feminization.

Noninvasive Body Contouring

Publication date: January 2018
Source:Dermatologic Clinics, Volume 36, Issue 1
Author(s): Heidi Wat, Douglas C. Wu, Mitchel P. Goldman

Teaser

Noninvasive body contouring is an attractive therapeutic modality to enhance the ideal male physique. Men place higher value on enhancing a well-defined, strong, masculine jawline and developing a V-shaped taper through the upper body. An understanding of the body contour men strive for allows the treating physician to focus on areas that are of most concern to men, thus enhancing patient experience and satisfaction. This article discusses noninvasive body contouring techniques, taking into account the unique aesthetic concerns of the male patient by combining an analysis of the existing literature with our own clinical experience.

Advances in Hair Restoration

Publication date: January 2018
Source:Dermatologic Clinics, Volume 36, Issue 1
Author(s): Paul T. Rose

Teaser

Hair loss affects millions of people worldwide and can have devastating effects on an individual's psychological and emotional well-being. Hair restoration technologies have advanced with the use of robotics and manual and motorized follicular unit extraction to provide patients excellent clinical results. Adjuvant modalities such as platelet-rich plasma injections, lasers and stem cells can further enhance the survivability and appearance of hair transplants.

Combination Therapy for Male Cosmetic Patients

Publication date: January 2018
Source:Dermatologic Clinics, Volume 36, Issue 1
Author(s): Michael H. Gold

Teaser

This article reviews the most common male cosmetic procedures that are performed in combination with more than one procedure. Evidence-based medicine for many of these combination therapies is not rampant in the medical literature, but the author uses his current experience to share how combining therapies can be useful for our male population seeking cosmetic improvements in our offices.

Liposuction Considerations in Men

Publication date: January 2018
Source:Dermatologic Clinics, Volume 36, Issue 1
Author(s): Cheryl Karcher

Teaser

Liposuction is the most popular cosmetic surgical procedure performed in men. Aside from traditional liposuction using the tumescent technique, several energy-assisted liposuction technologies have emerged and been proven safe and particularly beneficial for the male patient demographic. The differences in fat distribution and unique goals and emotional perspective in men need to be taken into account when performing liposuction, to ensure meeting the patient's needs and expectations for satisfactory results.

Tratamiento de las reacciones inflamatorias frente a las tintas de los tatuajes

Publication date: Available online 3 November 2017
Source:Piel
Author(s): Donís Muñoz Borrás, José María Ortiz Salvador

Effect of multilayer substrate configuration in horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands: assessment of treatment performance, biofilm development, and solids accumulation

Abstract

This study investigates the influence of multilayer substrate configuration in horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands (HSCWs) on their treatment performance, biofilm development, and solids accumulation. Three pilot-scale HSCWs were built to treat campus sewage and have been operational for 3 years. The HSCWs included monolayer (CW1), three-layer (CW3), and six-layer (CW6) substrate configurations with hydraulic conductivity of the substrate increasing from the surface to bottom in the multilayer CWs. It was demonstrated the pollutant removal performance after a 3-year operation improved in the multilayer HSCWs (49–80%) compared to the monolayer HSCW (29–41%). Simultaneously, the multilayer HSCWs exhibited significant features that prevented clogging compared to the monolayer configuration. The amount of accumulated solids was notably higher in the monolayer CW compared to multilayer CWs. Further, multilayer HSCWs could delay clogging by providing higher biofilm development for organics removal and consequently, lesser solids accumulations. Principal component analysis strongly supported the visualization of the performance patterns in the present study and showed that multilayer substrate configuration, season, and sampling locations significantly influenced biofilm growth and solids accumulation. Finally, the present study provided important information to support the improved multilayer configured HSCW implication in the future.

Place des vaccins anti-HPV aujourd’hui dans le traitement des infections génitales à HPV

Publication date: Available online 3 November 2017
Source:Annales de Dermatologie et de Vénéréologie
Author(s): J. Gondry

Commentary on: Effect of Use of Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) in Skin With Intrinsic Aging Process

Platelets contain and release growth factors from α-granules during platelet activation as part of a complex and important role of wound healing. The platelet's effects on wound healing with early clot formation and release of mitogenic and chemotactic growth factors have been well established.^1-4 A few of the growth factors that are important regulators of cellular interaction, cell-matrix interaction and angiogenesis include; platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), endothelial growth factor (EGF), insulin growth factor (IGF), and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-B).⁵ An early attempt to utilize regenerative properties of platelet derived growth factors in oral bone grafts was described by Marx.⁶ Since that time, the attempts to utilize platelet growth factors in regenerative medicine have been applied across disciplines.^7-10

Toward new benchmark adsorbents: preparation and characterization of activated carbon from argan nut shell for bisphenol A removal

Abstract

The use of argan nut shell as a precursor for producing activated carbon was investigated in this work. Two activated carbons AC-HP and AC-Na were prepared from argan nut shell by chemical activation method using phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH), respectively. Textural, morphological, and surface chemistry characteristics were studied by nitrogen physisorption, TGA, SEM, TXRF, FTIR, XRD, and by determining the pH_PZC of the AC-HP. The adsorption experiments revealed that AC-HP was more efficient in adsorption of BPA due to high specific surface area (1372 m²/g) compared to AC-Na (798 m²/g). The obtained adsorption data of BPA on AC-HP correlated well with the pseudo-second-order model and the Langmuir isotherm (Qmax = 1250 mg/g at 293 K). The thermodynamic parameters (ΔG° < 0, ΔH° < 0, and ΔS° < 0) indicate that adsorption of BPA on AC-HP was spontaneous and exothermic in nature. The regeneration of AC-HP showed excellent results after 5 cycles (95–93%). This work does not only provide a potential way to use argan nut shell but also represents a sustainable approach to synthesize AC-HP, which might be an ideal material for various applications (energy storage, catalysis, and environmental remediation).

A multi-attribute decision-making model for the evaluation of uncertainties in traffic pollution control planning

Abstract

The evaluation of traffic emissions control efficiency from various levels is a key issue while selecting an optimal plan for the sustainable development of urban transportation. The conventional multi-criteria evaluation methods cannot deal with the determination and uncertainty of each indicator, and ignore influence of the decision-maker's risk attitude on the evaluation results. This study proposed the use of a multi-attribute decision-making model to evaluate the traffic pollution control operational efficiency by integrating 11 hybrid-type indicators related to the plan implementation, traffic flow, and emissions. It also revealed the relationship between the preference of each decision-maker on these evaluation indicators and the threshold changes in the emissions control efficiency ranking. Case studies performed on the four plans showed that the evaluation value of emissions control efficiency for each plan was related to the decision-maker's risk attitude, and the efficiency ranking was decided by their threshold contact degrees.

Perspectives on impacts of water quality on agriculture and community well-being—a key informant study from Sri Lanka

Abstract

Integrated management of water quality is critical for sustaining food production and achieving overall well-being of a community. Further, understanding people's perceptions and engagement can play an important role in achieving water and food security. The main aim of this study was to investigate the perspectives of community and other stakeholders as to how water quality impacts on agriculture, livelihood and community well-being within rural farming communities of two dry zone districts of Sri Lanka. The study adopted 'key informant interviews' as the methodology to investigate community and other stakeholder perspectives to collect primary data over a period of four months. The interview contents were then examined using a frequency matrix and graphed using an Excel graphing tool. The raw text was also analysed to understand the broader patterns in the text. A fuzzy logic cognitive map (FCM) was developed using the relationships between various concepts and linkages provided by the key informants. All key informants were concerned with the quality of drinking water they consume and the water used for their food preparation. Key informants representing the farming community indicated that the use of poor quality groundwater with higher levels of hardness has made growing crops difficult in the region. The key informants also identified extensive and ongoing use of agro-chemicals and fertilisers as a major source of pollution in water bodies in both spatio-temporal scale. Based on key informant interviews, possible initiatives that can help improve surface water and groundwater qualities for both drinking and agricultural use in the dry zone of Sri Lanka can be categorised into four broader themes, viz., provision of filtering/treatment systems, reduction in the use of agro-chemical and fertilisers, education of community stakeholders and support of alternative options for portable water supplies. The study indicates that in the key informants' view of groundwater and surface waters' continued deterioration in the absence of a proper governance structure, a majority of farmers will have restricted access to good quality water to meet daily and agricultural needs, and this will affect the health of the elderly and children in the area. Further, a majority of key informants were of the view that management of surface water and groundwater should be a shared responsibility between the government and the community in the region and appropriate policy initiatives that will improve water literacy at all levels are mandatory to address future water quality challenges.

Synthesis, characterisation, cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of functionalised magnetic ruthenium (II) polypyridine complex core-shell nanocomposite

Publication date: Available online 3 November 2017
Source:Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology
Author(s): Kandibanda Srinivasa Rao, Gundeboina Narasihmha, Sourav Das, Sunkara V. Manorama
The development of multifunctional nanoparticles comprising of a magnetic core in conjunction with appropriate molecules with capabilities to impart functionalities like luminescent, specific binding sites to facilitate attachment of moieties. This has attracted increasing attention and enables identification of promising candidates using for applications such as diagnostics and cure through early detection and localized delivery. Many studies have been performed on the synthesis and cellular interactions of core–shell nanoparticles, in which a functional inorganic core is coated with a biocompatible polymer layer that should reduce nonspecific uptake and cytotoxicity Here we report the synthesis and characterisation of multifunctional core-shell magnetic, luminescent nanocomposite (Fe3O4@SiO2@[Ru(Phen)3]²⁺@SiO2@NH2). Fe3O4 as core and a luminescent ruthenium (II) complex encapsulated with silica shell, and then it is functionalized by an amine group by APTMS. The magnetic, luminescent, and biological activity of this multifunctional nanocomposite have also been studied to prove the nanocomposite is biocompatible, cellular uptake. The synthesized nanocomposite was completely characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and emission spectroscopy. MTT assay and cellular uptake by flow cytometry results proved that magnetic ruthenium (II) polypyridine complex – core shell nanocomposite has biocompatibility, minimum cytotoxicity and internalized inside B16F10 cells and confirms the potential biomedical applications.

Graphical abstract

Cellular imaging and bactericidal mechanism of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles against human pathogenic bacteria

Publication date: Available online 3 November 2017
Source:Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology
Author(s): Sathish Sundar Dhilip Kumar, Nicolette Nadene Houreld, Eve M. Kroukamp, Heidi Abrahamse
In recent years, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have attracted significant attention in medicinal, biomedical, and pharmaceutical research owing to their valuable physicochemical and antibacterial properties. Leaf sap extract (LSE) from Aloe arborescens can be used as an active ingredient for different biological applications, including wound healing. In this study, we have investigated the use of LSE from A. arborescens as a reducing, stabilizing and capping agent to produce AgNPs during the so called "green synthesis" (G-AgNPs). The objective of this study was to prepare, characterize and evaluate the potential of G-AgNPs against human pathogenic bacteria for the intended use as treatment of infected wounds. When the mixture of silver nitrate solution and LSE was exposed to direct sunlight it yielded a rapid color change from colorless to reddish-brown, indicating the formation of G-AgNPs. Physicochemical characterization such as Single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, High resolution transmission electron microscopy and surface chemistry studies (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-Ray diffraction) revealed a small size in the range of 38±2nm, smooth surface and existence of LSE on the G-AgNPs. G-AgNPs possessed good antibacterial activity against both Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The flow cytometry study revealed the increased percentage of dead cells treated by G-AgNPs through cell membrane damage, and it was further confirmed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Thus, the present study reveals that the novel G-AgNPs demonstrated effective antibacterial properties against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial strains and shows great potential for its use in the treatment of pathogen infected wounds.

Graphical abstract

Radiation efficiency and nitrogen fertilizer impacts on sunflower crop in contrasting environments of Punjab, Pakistan

Abstract

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is the leading non-conventional oilseed crop in Pakistan. Nitrogen fertilizer can affect plant growth and productivity by changing canopy size which has an effect on the radiation use efficiency (RUE) of the crop. The response of sunflower hybrids in terms of phenology, fraction of intercepted radiation (F _i), and RUE to nitrogenous rates (0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 kg ha⁻¹) was studied in three field experiments conducted in three various environments: Multan (arid), Faisalabad (semi-arid), and Gujranwala (sub-humid) during spring seasons 2008 and 2009. The treatments were laid out according to a randomized complete block design with split plot arrangements, keeping the sunflower hybrids in main plots and nitrogen rates in sub-plots, and replicated three times. The results showed Hysun-38 took a maximum number of days to anthesis (101) as compared to Pioneer-64A93 (100) and Hysun-33 (99). The mean values of F _i were 0.850, 0.903, and 0.978, and the estimated values of RUE for total aboveground dry matter were 2.14, 2.47, and 2.65 g MJ⁻¹ at experimental locations of Multan, Faisalabad, and Gujranwala, respectively. The values of RUE for grain yield (RUE_GY) were 0.78, 0.98, and 1.26 g MJ⁻¹ at experimental locations of Multan, Faisalabad, and Gujranwala, respectively. The average RUE_GY values over three locations were 2.61, 2.60, 2.43, and 2.36 g MJ⁻² in N₄ (180 kg ha⁻¹), N₅ (240 kg ha⁻¹), N₃ (120 kg ha⁻¹), and N₂ (60 kg ha⁻¹) treatments, respectively. Increasing rates of N increased RUE_GY over the standard treatment N₃ (120 kg N ha⁻¹); however, the averaged values over three locations were 1.22, 1.08, 0.99, and 0.92 g MJ⁻² in N₄, N₅, N₃, and N₂ treatments, respectively. Therefore, optimum water and N doses are important for attaining higher RUE, which may enhance sunflower growth and yield.

Testicular toxicity and sperm quality following copper exposure in Wistar albino rats: ameliorative potentials of L-carnitine

Abstract

Copper is a persistent toxic and bio-accumulative heavy metal of global concern. Continuous exposure of copper compounds of different origin is the most common form of copper poisoning and in turn adversely altering testis morphology and function and affecting sperm quality. L-carnitine has a vital role in the spermatogenesis, physiology of sperm, sperm production and quality. This study was designed to examine whether the detrimental effects of long-term copper consumption on sperm quality and testis function of Wistar albino rat could be prevented by L-carnitine therapy. The parameters included were sperm quality (concentration, viability, motility, and morphology), histopathology, serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), serum urea, serum creatinine, serum testosterone and testis antioxidant enzyme levels (superoxide dismutase and glutathione-S-transferase), and biomarkers of oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation and expression of heat shock protein 70 in testis). Three-month-old male Wistar rats (n = 30) were divided into six groups as group 1 (G1, 0.9% saline control), group 2 (G2, CuSO4 200 mg/kg dissolved in 0.9% saline water), groups 3 and 4 (G3 and G4, L-carnitine 50 and 100 mg/kg dissolved in 0.9% saline water, respectively), and groups 5 and 6 (G5 and G6, CuSO₄ 200 mg/kg plus L-carnitine, 50 and 100 mg/kg dissolved in 0.9% saline water, respectively). Doses of copper (200 mg/kg) and L-carnitine (50 and 100 mg/kg) alone and in combinations along with untreated control were administered orally for 30 days. The following morphological, physiological, and biochemical alterations were observed due to chronic exposure of copper (200 mg/kg) to rats in comparison with the untreated control: (1) generation of oxidative stress through rise in testis lipid peroxidation (12.21 vs 3.5 nmol MDA equivalents/mg protein) and upregulation of heat shock protein (overexpression of HSP70 in testis), (2) liver and kidney dysfunction [elevation in serum ALT (81.65 vs 48.08 IU/L), AST (156.82 vs 88.25 IU/L), ALP (230.54 vs 148.16 IU/L), urea (12.65 vs 7.45 mmol/L), and creatinine (80.61 vs 48.25 μmol/L) levels], (3) significant decrease in body (99.64 vs 106.09 g) and organ weights (liver—3.48 vs 4.99 g; kidney—429.29 vs 474.78 mg; testes—0.58 vs 0.96 g), (4) imbalance in hormonal and antioxidant enzyme concentrations [significant decline in serum testosterone (0.778 vs 3.226 ng/mL), superoxide dismutase (3.07 vs 8.55 μmol/mg protein), and glutathione-S-transferase (59.28 vs 115.58 nmol/mg protein) levels], (5) severe alterations in the testis histomorphology [sloughed cells (90.65%, score 4 vs 15.65%, score 1), vacuolization (85.95%, score 4 vs 11.45%, score 1), cellular debris along with degenerative characteristics, accentuated germ cell depletion in the seminiferous epithelium, severe damage of spermatogonia and Sertoli cells (73.56%, score 3 vs 0%, score 1)], (6) suppression of spermatogenic process [hypospermatogenesis (low Jhonsen testicular biopsy score 4 vs 9.5), decrease in tubules size (283.75 vs 321.25 μm in diameter), and no. of germ cells (81.8 vs 148.7/100 tubules), Leydig cells (5.2 vs 36.65/100 tubules), and Sertoli cells (8.1 vs 13.5/100 tubules)], (7) sperm transit time was shorter in caput and cauda and ensued in incomplete spermatogenic process and formation of immature sperm leading to infertility, (8) sperm quality was affected significantly [decreased daily sperm production (13.21 vs 26.9 × 10⁶ sperms/mL), sperm count (96.12 vs 154.25 × 10⁶/g), sperm viability (26.88 vs 91.65%), and sperm motility (38.48 vs 64.36%)], and (9) increase of head (32.82 vs 2.01%) and tail (14.85 vs 0.14%) morphologic abnormalities and DNA fragmentation index (88.37 vs 11.11%). Oxidative stress and their related events appear to be a potential mechanism involved in copper testicular toxicity and L-carnitine supplementation significantly modulated the possible adverse effects of copper on seminiferous tubules damage, testes function, spermatogenesis, and sperm quality. It was validated that the use of L-carnitine at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg protects against copper-induced testicular tissue damage and acts as a therapeutic agent for copper heavy metal toxicity.

Carbon footprint associated with four disposal scenarios for urban pruning waste

Abstract

The inadequate disposal of urban pruning residues can cause significant environmental impacts. The objective of the study presented herein was to quantify the carbon footprint and analyze four disposal scenarios for the urban pruning waste of the city of Joao Pessoa (Northeast Brazil). Software SimaPro was utilized for the quantification of the carbon footprint, with the IPCC 2013 GWP 100y impact evaluation method. The end-of-life treatments considered were sanitary landfilling (with and without collection of methane), simple municipal incineration, and reutilization of wood (transformation into briquettes). The results indicated that simple disposal in sanitary landfill generated 136.34 kg CO₂/t urban pruning waste collected (highest carbon footprint), sanitary landfill with methane collection emitted 113.43 kg CO₂/t waste, municipal incineration generated 71.31 kg CO₂/t waste, and reutilization of woody residues was the scenario with the lowest carbon footprint, with 27.82 kg CO₂/t waste. This study demonstrated that reutilization of biomass, besides being environmentally viable, presents the potential to contribute to the city's environmental quality, including the possibility of being used to obtain carbon credits.

Perceptions and Practices Related to Obesity in Adolescent Students and Their Programmatic Implications: Qualitative Evidence from Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Abstract

Background Prevalence of obesity in children in Ho Chi Minh City is rising in the last 10 years. We conducted a formative study to explore the perceptions and practices related to obesity, diet and physical activity among the students in two junior high schools in two suburbs in Ho Chi Minh City to aid in the design of an intervention in preventing obesity among adolescent school children. Method We conducted in-depth interviews with twenty participants including students, their parents, physical education teachers and a representative of the Department of Education. Manually coded and organized data were analysed applying a thematic analysis approach to divulge trends, diversities and similarities among the emerging themes. Results The study revealed diversified perceptions of obesity, diet and physical activity and their relationship with adolescent obesity. The findings indicated low practice of physical activity among almost all students who participated in the study. The major barriers to obesity prevention included knowledge gaps, food environment in the school, devaluation of physical activity and academic burden. Conclusion The findings provide contextual insights to design a culturally appropriate and feasible intervention to tackle child and adolescent obesity by harnessing the perspectives of the target populations.

Infant Positioning, Baby Gear Use, and Cranial Asymmetry

Abstract

Objectives This study aimed to identify predictors of cranial asymmetry. We hypothesize that among infants diagnosed with cranial asymmetry in the sampled region, there is an association between exposure to more time in baby gear and less awake time in prone and side-lying than in infants who do not present with this condition. Methods The study employed a cross sectional survey of caregivers of typically developing infants and infants diagnosed with cranial asymmetry. Results A mutivariable model reveals that caregivers of children who are diagnosed with cranial asymmetry report their children spending significantly less time in prone play than those children without a diagnosis of cranial asymmetry. Side-lying and time spent in baby gear did not attain statistical significance. Conclusions for Practice Occupational therapists, physical therapists, pediatricians, nurses and other health care professionals must provide parents with early education about the importance of varying positions and prone play in infancy and address fears and concerns that may serve as barriers to providing prone playtime.

Examining Early Childhood Health Outcomes of Children Born Late Preterm in Urban Manitoba

Abstract

Objective The late preterm population [34–36 weeks gestational age (GA)] is known to incur increased morbidity in the infancy stage compared to the population born at term (39–41 weeks GA). This study aimed to examine the health of these children during their early childhood years, with specific attention to the role of socioeconomic status. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted using data from the Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, including all live-born children born at 34–36 and 39–41 weeks GA in urban Manitoba between 2000 and 2005 (n = 28,100). Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the association of GA with early childhood morbidity after controlling for maternal, child and family level variables. Results The late preterm population was found to have significantly greater adjusted odds of lower respiratory tract infections in the preschool years (aOR = 1.59 [1.24, 2.04]) and asthma at school age (aOR = 1.33 [1.18, 1.47]) compared to the population born at term. The groups also differed in health care utilization at ages 4 (aOR = 1.19 [1.06,1.34]) and 7 years (aOR = 1.24 [1.09, 1.42]). Additional variables associated with poor outcomes suggest that social deprivation and GA simultaneously have a negative impact on early childhood development. Conclusions for Practice Adjustment for predictors of poor early childhood development, including socioeconomic status, were found to attenuate but not eliminate health differences between children born late preterm and children born at term. Poorer health outcomes that extend into childhood have implications for practice at the population level and suggest a need for further follow-up post discharge.

Public Health Insurance and Health Care Utilization for Children in Immigrant Families

Abstract

Objectives To estimate the impacts of public health insurance coverage on health care utilization and unmet health care needs for children in immigrant families. Methods We use survey data from National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) (2001–2005) linked to data from Medical Expenditures Panel Survey (MEPS) (2003–2007) for children with siblings in families headed by at least one immigrant parent. We use logit models with family fixed effects. Results Compared to their siblings with public insurance, uninsured children in immigrant families have higher odds of having no usual source of care, having no health care visits in a 2 year period, having high Emergency Department reliance, and having unmet health care needs. We find no statistically significant difference in the odds of having annual well-child visits. Conclusions for practice Previous research may have underestimated the impact of public health insurance for children in immigrant families. Children in immigrant families would likely benefit considerably from expansions of public health insurance eligibility to cover all children, including children without citizenship. Immigrant families that include both insured and uninsured children may benefit from additional referral and outreach efforts from health care providers to ensure that uninsured children have the same access to health care as their publicly-insured siblings.

Erratum to: An Analysis of Determinants of Under-5 Mortality Across Countries: Defining Priorities to Achieve Targets in Sustainable Development Goals

Differential Predictors of Postpartum Depression and Anxiety: The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale Hebrew Version Two Factor Structure Construct Validity

Abstract

Objectives Postpartum anxiety (PPA) is as prevalent and disruptive as postpartum depression (PPD), although less commonly addressed. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), originally created to screen for PPD, was found to include anxiety and depression subscales. This study examined the construct validity of the EPDS PPD and PPA subscales by examining differential predictors of both in a structural regression model. Methods Women (n = 969) were recruited from a maternity ward in Jerusalem, Israel and completed a demographic survey; 715 (74%) women were screened for PPD and PPA at 6 weeks postpartum using the EPDS. Results History of depression was a significant predictor of PPD symptoms and PPA symptoms. Income and number of past pregnancies were significant predictors of PPA symptoms. Conclusions for practice PPD and PPA have different predictors, suggesting that the EPDS depression and anxiety subscales should be scored separately. Further assessment and treatment should be tailored to specific symptoms of depression and/or anxiety reported.

Influences on Immunization Decision-Making among US Parents of Young Children

Abstract

Objectives This study assessed influences on vaccination decisions among parents of young children and examined common vaccination information and advice sources. Methods Using panel samples of parents of children under 7 years, web-based surveys were conducted in 2012 (n = 2603) and 2014 (n = 2518). A vaccine decision-making typology (non-hesitant acceptors, hesitant acceptors, delayers, and refusers) was established and weighted population estimates of potential factors influencing parental vaccination decision (e.g., provider influence, source of information and advice) were computed by year and decision type. Results Delayers and refusers were more likely than acceptors to know someone whose child experienced a severe reaction to a vaccine or delayed/refused vaccine(s). High proportions of delayers (2012: 33.4%, 2014: 33.9%) and refusers (2012: 49.6%, 2014: 58.6%) reported selecting their healthcare provider based on whether the provider would allow them to delay/refuse vaccines. Providers were the most frequently reported trusted vaccine information source among all parents, though more often by acceptors than refusers (2012, 2014: p < 0.01). We found differing patterns of provider advice-seeking and internet as a reliable vaccine information source by group. Among those who had considered delay/refusal, trust in their healthcare provider's advice was the most common reason cited for their decision reversal. Conclusions for Practice Provider trust and communication along with varying degrees of personal-network influences likely contribute to immunization decisions of parents. Vaccine hesitant parents often seek providers amenable to accommodating their vaccine beliefs. Providers may benefit from vaccine communication training as their recommendations may influence hesitant parents to immunize their children.

Replicating Evidence-Based Practices with Flexibility for Perinatal Home Visiting by Paraprofessionals

Abstract

Introduction Strategies are needed to improve the efficacy of paraprofessional home visitors for pregnant women in the United States. This study evaluates the maternal and child outcomes when evidence-based practices (EBP) are replicated with flexibility, rather than fidelity to a manualized intervention. Methods Pregnant mothers (N = 203) in five clinics were recruited in the waiting rooms and randomized to standard clinic care as the control condition (n = 104) or standard care plus home visiting (n = 99). Home visitors (n = 9) were selected, trained in foundational skills common to EBP and four problem domains (weight control, breastfeeding, daily habits, and depression). Independent interviewers assessed targeted outcomes at birth (82%) and 6 months later (83%). Results: Home visitors, called Mentor Mothers [MM], made an average of 14.9 home visits or telephone contacts (SD = 9; total contacts = 1491) addressing maternal daily habits, breastfeeding, and depression. Intervention and control mothers were similar in weight, Body Mass Index (BMI), depression and social support at baseline and 6 months later. The percentage of low birth weight babies was similar; intervention infants' growth (weight/height Z score) tended to be significantly better compared to the control condition. Discussion: There are many explanations for the failure to find significant benefits: insufficient statistical power; the benefits of repeated assessments by warm, supportive peers to improve outcomes; or the failure of EBP and the need to maintain replication with fidelity. All study mothers had better outcomes than documented among comparable published samples of low-income, Latina and Korean–American mothers in Los Angeles, CA. ClinicalTrials.gov registration NCT01687634.

Women’s Perspectives of Needs Surrounding Adverse Birth Outcomes: A Qualitative Assessment of the Neighborhood Impact of Adverse Birth Outcomes

Abstract

Objectives African Americans are two times more likely to suffer adverse birth outcomes (i.e., low birth weight, preterm birth, and infant mortality) when compared to all other ethnic groups and this pattern is no different for Douglas County, Nebraska, where the majority of African Americans in Nebraska reside. Our goal was to identify factors, as described by local women, that contribute to adverse birth outcomes in the predominantly African American community of Northeast Douglas County in Omaha, NE, to ensure that these women's voices were included in the development of interventions to improve their neighborhood's birth outcomes. The paper describes the results of a qualitative needs assessment of these women which will aid in the design and implementation of neighborhood-based solutions. Methods We brought together a group of women with varying levels of birthing experience, time spent living in the neighborhood, and overall community involvement. Individual in-depth, in person, and telephone interviews were used to collect participants' perceptions of birth outcomes, neighborhood resources for pregnant women, and neighborhood strengths and weaknesses. Results The needs assessment identified that, although women in this neighborhood have experience with adverse birth outcomes, these experiences are not discussed resulting in a lack of awareness of the wide spread racial disparities in birth outcomes and the efforts and resources to address this public health problem. Conclusions for Practice This study reveals the power of direct conversations with women impacted by adverse birth outcomes, as they must be primary partners in any efforts to improve birth outcomes.

Caretaker Awareness of Health Care Provided Developmental Screening: Increases from 2007 to 2012

Abstract

Objectives Developmental screening is considered critical to identifying children with developmental delays and disabilities so that they may receive early intervention. To date, only a handful of studies report data on the percentage of health care professionals (HCP) who provide developmental screening. These reports are limited by low participation rates and reporters being pediatricians who may be biased towards reporting higher rates of developmental screening. The purpose of this study is to verify reported increases by reporting on changes in caretakers' awareness of HCP provided developmental screening from 2007/2008 to 2011/2012. Methods Authors report data on caretaker reported receipt of HCP provided developmental screening from the National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH, 2007/2008) and NSCH (2011/2012), as well as changes from the 2007/2008 to 2011/2012. Changes for the 50 states plus Washington D.C. are visualized using 'micromapST' and states are organized in ascending order according to changes in caretaker awareness of developmental screening. Results Nationally, the proportion of caretakers aware that their HCP provided developmental screening increased from 23.0% in 2007/2008 (range 12.6–46%) to 33.3% in 2011/2012 (range 19.4–61.6%) and states level changes ranged from −2 to +35%, with a median change of +10%. Conclusions for Practice Data reported here indicate that a greater number of caretakers are aware that their HCP is providing developmental screening. This reinforces the existing reports indicating increases in HCP reported developmental screening. Despite growth, there is still a need to increase developmental screening efforts in many states.

State-by-State Variation in the Number of Children and Young Adults in Nursing Homes, 2005–2012

Abstract

Objectives One goal of Healthy People 2020 is to reduce the number of children and young adults living in nursing homes. However, little is known about the prevalence of nursing home use among children and young adults on a state-by-state basis. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of nursing home use among children and young adults in each state from 2005 to 2012. The study also looked for prevalence trends between 2005 and 2012. Methods The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Minimum Data Set and US Census data were used to calculate the prevalence of nursing home residents among children and young adults aged 0–30 in each US state in 2012 and assess trends in each state from 2005 to 2012. Results In 2012, the prevalence of nursing home residents among children and young adults aged 0–30 varied across states, ranging from 14 in 100,000 (New Jersey) to 0.8 in 100,000 (Alaska). Testing for trends from 2005 to 2012 also revealed significant trends (p < 0.05), with Florida trending upward with borderline statistical significance (p = 0.05) and six states trending downward. Conclusion There is wide variation in the prevalence of nursing home residents among children and young adults aged 0–30 across states. There is also variation in the nursing home prevalence trends across states. Observed variations may represent potential opportunities for some states to reduce their population of children and young adults in nursing homes.

Prevalence and Risk of Moderate Stunting Among a Sample of Children Aged 0–24 Months in Brunei

Abstract

Objectives Globally, one-fifth of the world's children are stunted, however this statistic may be an underestimate as many countries lack comprehensive monitoring of height-for-age. Until a recent national health survey, Negara Brunei Darussalam has lacked the data to offer a comprehensive assessment of height-for-age among children. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of and factors associated with stunting among children aged 0–24 months in Negara Brunei Darussalam (Brunei). Methods A cross-sectional analyses of 396 children aged <24 months. Demographic, dietary and anthropometric measurements were recorded. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyse factors associated with moderate stunting. Results Almost one-quarter of infants (24%) were stunted. Male children and children who were preterm (<37 weeks gestation) were more than twice as likely to be stunted as their counterparts, respectively (OR 2.48; 95% CI 1.49–4.12; OR 2.14; 95% CI 1.06–4.33, respectively). Those who were born low birth weight (<2.5 kg) were three times more likely to be stunted than those born normal birth weight (OR 2.99; 95% CI 1.44–6.17). Conclusions for Practice This study presents data on prevalence of stunting in Brunei based upon the World Health Organization's growth charts. In addition it is also the first time that the factors associated with stunting among infants aged <24 months have been examined in Brunei. The stunting prevalence in Brunei is of concern due to the reported short and long-term negative impact on health later in life. The authors recommend close monitoring of pregnant women who are at risk of delivering low birth weight infants and frequent monitoring of low birth weight infants in line with World Health Organization nutrition goals. Existing height-for-age data should be integrated into global databases.

Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health After the 2015 Nepal Earthquakes: An Investigation of the Long-term Gendered Impacts of Disasters

Abstract

Introduction Natural disasters in resource-poor countries have differential effects on socially disadvantaged groups such as women. In addition to the acute reproductive health needs of women during the immediate response phase of a disaster, research suggests that maternal, newborn, and child health (MNCH) may continue to be seriously impacted for numerous months, even years, after the event. Methods This ethnographic field research investigates the impacts of the 2015 Nepal earthquakes on mothers and children under five on the 6-month anniversary of the earthquakes. Results Though families were not channeling household funds away from health care expenses for pregnant and lactating women and children under five, the findings suggest that a delayed response by the Nepali government in administering funds for rebuilding combined with an ongoing fuel crisis were negatively impacting families' abilities to provide adequate shelter, warmth, cooking gas, and transportation for mothers and young children. This study highlights the importance of understanding the impacts of specific social and political contexts on intra-household family finances as they relate to MNCH, not just variables related to the disaster itself. Discussion Future research and policies on MNCH during the long-term recovery period after a natural disaster such as the 2015 Nepal earthquakes therefore should take into account the social and political context as well as institute multiple periodic assessments of MNCH in the first few years following the disaster.

Low-Level Prenatal Toxin Exposures and Breastfeeding Duration: A Prospective Cohort Study

Abstract

Introduction Maternal exposure to tobacco smoke is associated with shortened breastfeeding duration, but few studies have examined the effects on breastfeeding outcomes of low level exposures to other toxic chemicals. Moreover, it is unclear if passive smoking is associated with duration of breastfeeding. Our objective was therefore to examine the effect of low-level prenatal exposures to common environmental toxins (tobacco smoke, lead, and phthalates) on breastfeeding exclusivity and duration. Methods We conducted an analysis of data from the Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment (HOME) Study. Serum and urine samples were collected at approximately 16 and 26 weeks gestation and at delivery from 373 women; 302 breastfed their infants. Maternal infant feeding interviews were conducted a maximum of eight times through 30 months postpartum. The main predictor variables for this study were gestational exposures to tobacco smoke (measured by serum cotinine), lead, and phthalates. Passive smoke exposure was defined as cotinine levels of 0.015–3.0 μg/mL. Primary outcomes were duration of any and exclusive breastfeeding. Results Serum cotinine concentrations were negatively associated with the duration of any breastfeeding (29.9 weeks unexposed vs. 24.9 weeks with passive exposure, p = 0.04; and 22.4 weeks with active exposure, p = 0.12; p = 0.03 for linear trend), but not duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Prenatal levels of blood lead and urinary phthalate metabolites were not significantly associated with duration of any or exclusive breastfeeding. Conclusions Passive exposure to tobacco smoke during pregnancy was associated with shortened duration of any breastfeeding.

Creating Environments to Support Breastfeeding: The Challenges and Facilitators of Policy Development in Hospitals, Clinics, Early Care and Education, and Worksites

Abstract

Objectives Supportive organizational breastfeeding policies can establish enabling environments for breastfeeding. In this qualitative study we identify facilitators and barriers to the development, adoption, and implementation of supportive breastfeeding policies and practices in four influential sectors for breastfeeding women: hospitals, clinics, early care and education settings, and worksites. Methods We interviewed 125 individuals representing 110 organizations in Washington State about their breastfeeding policy development and implementation process between August 2014 and February 2015. Greenhalgh's diffusion of innovations framework guided the interviews and qualitative analysis. Results Breastfeeding policy facilitators across the sectors include national and state laws and regulations, performance tracking requirements, and an increasingly supportive sociopolitical climate; barriers include limited resources and appreciation about the need for breastfeeding policies, and certain organizational characteristics such as workforce age. Despite broad support for breastfeeding, organizations differed on perceptions about the usefulness of written breastfeeding policies. Personal breastfeeding experiences of policy makers and staff affect organizational breastfeeding policies and practices. Conclusions for Practice Supportive organizational systems and environments are built through effective policy development processes; public health can support breastfeeding policy development and assure a coordinated continuum of care by leveraging federal health care policy requirements, building networks to support training and collaboration, and disseminating strategies that reflect the personal nature of breastfeeding.

Zygomatico-orbital artery: The largest artery in the temporal area.

Related Articles

Zygomatico-orbital artery: The largest artery in the temporal area.

J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2017 Oct 16;:

Authors: Choi DH, Eom JR, Lee JW, Yang JD, Chung HY, Cho BC, Choi KY

Abstract
The zygomatico-orbital artery is the largest artery in the temporal area. With the increasing number of reconstructive and aesthetic surgeries in the area, in-depth understanding of this artery is needed. Thus, the aim of this anatomical study was to determine more information on the zygomatico-orbital artery using contrast-enhanced three-dimensional computer tomography (CT) and color-flow Doppler sonography. On the basis of CT images taken between October 2015 and October 2016 for diagnosing and treating maxillofacial conditions, 50 patients were selected. We examined the patients' morphological classification; anatomical information of the artery, such as the bifurcation points and main course; diameter, depth, and overall length of the artery; and its association with the facial nerve. Doppler sonography was used to determine the presence of a concomitant vein. The zygomatico-orbital artery was classified into three types depending on its bifurcation and relationship with other arteries. The artery bifurcates from the external carotid artery, rises sharply, and crosses the zygomatic arch anterior to the porion. Subsequently, it runs toward the lateral canthus horizontally and transfers to the palpebral and superficial orbital arteries. The mean diameter was 2.52 mm, and the mean depth was 5.61 mm. The average length was 8.50 cm. The artery overlapped with the temporal branch of the facial nerve 1-3 cm posterior to the lateral canthus. No concomitant vein was found. This study provides information on the zygomatico-orbital artery that may be useful in various clinical settings and in the prevention of procedural complications.

PMID: 29097021 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Generation of alloantigen-specific induced-Treg stabilized by vitamin C treatment and its application for prevention of acute graft versus host disease model

Abstract

Antigen-specific regulatory T cells (Tregs) possess the potential to reduce excess immune responses in autoimmune diseases, allergy, rejection after organ transplantation, and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. Although in vitro-expanded antigen-specific induced Tregs (iTregs) have been considered to be a promising therapeutic agent against such excessive immune reactions, the instability of iTregs after transfer is a fundamental problem in their clinical application. In this study, we searched for the optimal way to generate stable iTregs for the prevention of the murine GVHD model, in which conventional iTregs are reported to be inefficient. Alloantigen-specific iTregs were generated by co-culturing naïve T cells with allogenic dendritic cells in the presence of TGF-β and retinoic acid. By examining various agents and genes, we found that vitamin C stabilized Foxp3 expression most effectively in adoptively transferred iTregs under GVHD environment. Vitamin C treatment caused active DNA demethylation specifically on the conserved non-coding region (CNS2) enhancer of Foxp3 gene locus in alloantigen-specific iTregs, and reduced iTreg conversion into pathogenic exFoxp3 cells. Vitamin C-treated iTregs suppressed GVHD symptoms more efficiently than untreated iTregs. Vitamin C also facilitated induction of Foxp3^high iTreg population from human naïve T cells, which was very stable even in the presence of IL-6 in vitro. The treatment of Vitamin C for iTreg promises innovative clinical application for adoptive Treg immunotherapy.

Monoamines in Glioblastoma: complex biology with therapeutic potential

Abstract

Glioblastoma (GBM) is characterized by extremely poor prognoses, despite the use of gross surgical resection, alkylating chemotherapeutic agents, and radiotherapy. Evidence increasingly highlights the role of the tumor microenvironment in enabling this aggressive phenotype. Despite this interest, the role of neurotransmitters, brain-specific messengers underlying synaptic transmission, remains murky. These signaling molecules influence a complex network of molecular pathways and cellular behaviors in many CNS-resident cells including neural stem cells and progenitor cells, neurons, and glia cells. Critically, available data convincingly demonstrate that neurotransmitters can influence proliferation, quiescence, and differentiation status of these cells. This ability to affect progenitors and glia—GBM-initiating cells—and their availability in the CNS, strongly support the notion that neurotransmitters participate in the onset and progression of GBM. This review will focus on dopamine and serotonin, as studies indicate they contribute to gliomagenesis. Particular attention will be paid to how these neurotransmitters and their receptors can be utilized as novel therapeutic targets. Overall, this review will analyze the complex biology governing the interaction of GBM with neurotransmitter signaling and highlight how this interplay shapes the aggressive nature of GBM.

Memantine prevents acute radiation-induced toxicities at hippocampal excitatory synapses

Abstract

Background

Memantine has shown clinical utility in preventing radiation-induced cognitive impairment, but the mechanisms underlying its protective effects remain unknown. We hypothesized that abnormal glutamate signaling causes radiation-induced abnormalities in neuronal structure and that memantine prevents synaptic toxicity.

Methods

Hippocampal cultures expressing eGFP were irradiated or sham-treated and their dendritic spine morphology assessed at acute (minutes) and later (days) times using high-resolution confocal microscopy. Excitatory synapses, defined by co-localization of the pre- and post-synaptic markers vGLUT1 and PSD-95, were also analyzed. Neurons were pretreated with vehicle, the NMDA-type glutamate receptor antagonist memantine, or the glutamate scavenger glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) to assess glutamate signaling. For animal studies, Thy-1-YFP mice were treated with whole brain radiotherapy or sham with or without memantine.

Results

Unlike previously reported long-term losses of dendritic spines, we found that the acute response to radiation is an initial increase in spines and excitatory synapses followed by a decrease in spine/synapse density with altered spine dynamics. Memantine pre-administration prevented this radiation-induced synaptic remodeling.

Conclusions

These results demonstrate that radiation causes rapid, dynamic, changes in synaptic structural plasticity, implicate abnormal glutamate signaling in cognitive dysfunction following brain irradiation, and describe a protective mechanism of memantine.

Targeting different domains of gap junction protein to control malignant glioma

Abstract

A rational treatment strategy for glioma, the most common primary central nervous system tumor, should focus on early invasive growth and resistance to current therapeutics. Connexin 43 (Cx43), a gap junction protein, plays important roles not only in the development of the central nervous system and but also in the progression of glioma. The different structural domains of Cx43, including extracellular loops, transmembrane domains, and an intracellular carboxyl terminal, have distinct functions in the invasion and proliferation of gliomas. Targeting these domains of Cx43, which is expressed in distinct patterns in the heterogeneous glioma cell population, can inhibit tumor cell invasion and new tumor formation. Thus, this review summarizes the structural characteristics of Cx43, the effects of regulating different Cx43 domains on the biological characteristics of glioma cells, intervention strategies targeting different domains of Cx43, and future research directions.

Activation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells by apoptotic particles — mechanism for the loss of immunologic tolerance in Sjögren's syndrome

Summary

Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a common autoimmune disease targeting salivary and lacrimal glands. It is strongly female-dominant characterized by low estrogen levels combined with a local intracrine dihydrotestosterone defect. We hypothesized that these hormonal deficits lead to increased apoptosis of the epithelial cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC) mediated pro-inflammatory host responses. Expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 7 and 9 and cytokine profile was studied in pDCs treated with apoptotic particles collected in consecutive centrifugation steps of media from apoptotic cells. Expression and localization of SS autoantigens in these particles was also analysed. Furthermore, the effects of sex steroids were studied in pDCs cultured with several concentrations of dihydrotestosterone and 17-β-estradiol, and in saliva of patient treated with dehydroepiandrosterone. Apoptosis of the epithelial cells led to cleavage and translocation of SS-autoantigens, α-fodrin and SS-A, into apoptotic particles. The apoptosis-induced apoptotic particles contained also other SS-autoantigen hy1-RNA. These particles were internalized by pDCs in size-dependent manner and affected TLRs 7 and 9 expression and the production of proinflammatory cytokines. The analysed androgens protected cells from apoptosis, influenced redistribution of autoantigens and diminished the apoptotic particle -stimulated increase of the TLRs in pDCs. Our findings suggest that the formation of apoptotic particles may play a role in loss of immune tolerance, manifested by production of autoantibodies and the onset of autoinflammation in SS. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

The Tension Biology of Wound Healing

Summary

Following skin wounding, the healing outcome can be; regeneration, repair with normal scar tissue, repair with hypertrophic scar tissue, or the formation of keloids. The role of chemical factors in wound healing has been extensively explored, and while there is evidence suggesting the role of mechanical forces, its influence is much less well defined. Here we provide a brief review on the recent progress of the role of mechanical force in skin wound healing by comparing laboratory mice, African spiny mice, fetal wound healing, and adult scar keloid formation. A comparison across different species may provide insight into key regulators. Interestingly, some findings suggest tension can induce an immune response, and this provides a new link between mechanical and chemical forces. Clinically, manipulating skin tension has been demonstrated to be effective for scar prevention and treatment, but not for tissue regeneration. Utilizing this knowledge, specialists may modulate regulatory factors and develop therapeutic strategies to reduce scar formation and promote regeneration.

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

TNF stimulates IL-6, CXCL8 and VEGF secretion from human keratinocytes via activation of mTOR, inhibited by tetramethoxyluteolin

Abstract

Psoriasis is an autoimmune skin disease characterized by keratinocyte hyper-proliferation and chronic inflammation. The pathogenesis of psoriasis involves pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), but the mechanism of keratinocyte activation is not well understood. Here we show that TNF (10 or 50 ng/mL) stimulates significant (p<0.0001) gene expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory IL-6, CXCL8 and VEGF from both cultured human HaCaT and normal epidermal human keratinocytes (NHEKs). This effect occurs via activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling complex as shown by Western Blot analysis and phospho-ELISAs. Pre-treatment with the novel natural flavonoid tetramethoxyluteolin (10-100 μM) significantly (p<0.0001) inhibits gene expression and secretion (p<0.0001) of all three mediators in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, tetramethoxyluteolin (50 μM) appears to be a potent inhibitor of the phosphorylated mTOR substrates (pmTOR^Ser2448, pp70S6K^Thr389 and p4EBP1^Thr37/46) as compared to known mTOR inhibitors in keratinocytes. The present findings indicate that TNF stimulates skin inflammation via mTOR signaling. Inhibition by tetramethoxyluteolin, may be used in the treatment of psoriasis.

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A somewhat unexpected result from the deconvolution of DSC-curves for human hair: There is no apparent relation between cortical cell fractions and hair curliness

Abstract

A deconvolution process has been developed for curves obtained by Differential Scanning Calorimetry in water for Merino wool and the main ethnic hair types. This enables estimation of the fractions of ortho- and para-type cell groups. The results also indicate that hair may contain a further, low-sulphur sub-group of ortho-type cells. The sizes of the major cell fractions are in line with expectations from microscopical investigations. The fractions are comparable for hair types and no consistent association between cell type fractions and hair curvature is observed.

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Ultraviolet A Eye Irradiation Ameliorates Atopic Dermatitis via p53 and Clock Gene Proteins in NC/Nga Mice

Abstract

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a widespread chronic skin condition that severely affects quality of life and can lead to more serious complications. Although ultraviolet (UV)A eye irradiation can exert various effects on the skin, it is unknown whether UVA can affect AD. To investigate potential associations, we used an NC/Nga mouse model of AD to study the effects of UVA eye irradiation. The eyes of mice were irradiated with a UVA dose of 100 kJ/m² using a FL20SBLB-A lamp. Our histological data demonstrated that AD symptoms could be ameliorated by UVA eye irradiation. We also observed an increase in the levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), p53, and retinoid X receptor α (RXRα) in mice with UVA-irradiated eyes. In contrast, the levels of thymic stromal lymphopoetin (TSLP), period 2 (PER2), and differentiated embryo chondrocytes 1 (DEC1) protein were decreased in mice treated with UVA irradiation. Furthermore, UVA eye-irradiated mice exhibited reduced DEC1 and RXRα colocalization compared with nonirradiated mice. These results suggested that p53 and various clock gene proteins played important roles in the amelioration of AD symptoms observed after UVA eye irradiation; this technique may have therapeutic applications in AD.

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Conflicts and Contradictions in Current Skin Cancer Screening Guidelines

Abstract

Purpose of Review

The purpose of this paper is to review skin cancer screening guidelines from major public health/medical organizations.

Recent Findings

No consensus exists on whether or not screening to prevent skin cancer is warranted.

Summary

The best evidence of screening efficacy should come from population-based randomized trials, but is unlikely to exist due to feasibility constraints. Consequently, consensus should be built from observational/non-randomized designs, such as the SCREEN study in Germany. Current guidelines often focus on melanoma alone, while potential benefits of screening for non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) are largely overlooked. There may be less room for doubt regarding the value of screening, if both diseases were considered. Further, targeted approaches, i.e., screening only in high-risk populations, remain poorly defined and untested. Continuing to state that there is insufficient evidence to recommend screening leads to confusion about whether or not to screen and is unlikely to result in substantial changes to the morbidity of NMSC and significant mortality from melanoma.

Standardization of regimens in Narrow-band UVB and PUVA in early stage Mycosis Fungoides: position paper from the Italian Task Force for Cutaneous Lymphomas

Abstract

UV- based (PUVA and Narrow Band UVB) phototherapy is broadly and commonly used in the treatment of Cutaneous T-cell Lymphomas (CTCL), yet unfortunately the evidence for the efficacy of these treatments is based only on cases series or prospective but non-randomized studies. Therefore, no internationally approved guidelines exists and no standardization of schedules have been proposed. Recently, Consensus guidelines have been published by the United States Cutaneous Lymphoma Consortium. The aim of this paper is to review the biologic and clinical evidences on PUVA and NB UVB in CTCL, and to critically evaluate acceptability and feasibility of these guidelines in the real-life setting from the perspective of the Cutaneous Lymphoma Task Force of the Italian Lymphoma Foundation (Fondazione Italiana Linfomi, FIL).

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Visual Disability in Ebola Survivors

Reply to Steptoe et al