Removal of lead and cadmium from aqueous solutions by using 4-amino-3-hydroxynaphthalene sulfonic acid-doped polypyrrole films

Abstract

Water pollution by heavy metals is a great health concern worldwide. Lead and cadmium are among the most toxic heavy metals because they are dangerous for the human and aquatic lives. In this work, the removal of lead and cadmium from aqueous solutions has been studied using electrosynthesized 4-amino-3-hydroxynaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid-doped polypyrrole (AHNSA-PPy) films as a new adsorbent. Two distinct methods, including the immersion method, based on the Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ spontaneous removal by impregnation of the polymer in the solution, and the electro-elimination method, consisting of removal of Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ ions from the solution by applying a small electrical current (5 mA) to the polymer film, were developed: the evolution of Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ concentrations with time was monitored by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The effect of pH on the adsorption and electro-elimination of Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ using the AHNSA-PPy film was investigated and optimized, showing that the ionic adsorption and electro-elimination processes were highly pH-dependent. The kinetics of Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ adsorption and electro-elimination were found to follow second-order curves. The maximum adsorption capacity values of the AHNSA-PPy film were 64.0 and 50.4 mg/g, respectively, for Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺. The removal efficiency values were, respectively, for Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺, 80 and 63% by the immersion method, and 93 and 85% by the electro-elimination method. Application of both methods to Senegal natural waters, fortified with Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺, led to removal efficiency values of, respectively for Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺, 76–77 and 58–59% by the immersion method, and of 82–90 and 80–83%, by the electro-elimination method.

Exogenous Cushing syndrome due to misuse of potent topical steroid

Abstract

We report an infant with exogenous Cushing syndrome after being treated for 2 months with a potent topical corticosteroid via the mother's application of topical clobetasol for diaper rash without a prescription. We emphasize that potent topical steroids should be used with great caution, especially when used under occlusion (e.g., diaper area) and that parents should be warned about potential side effects of these medications, particularly when used in infants.

Doing the math: A simple approach to topical timolol dosing for infantile hemangiomas

Abstract

Topical timolol maleate has recently gained popularity as a treatment for superficial infantile hemangiomas, but calculating a safe dose of timolol can be time consuming, which may limit the medication's use in fast-paced clinical environments. This report offers a simplified calculation of the maximum daily safe dosage as 1 drop of medication per kilogram of body weight.

Mood changes with methotrexate therapy for dermatologic disease

Abstract

Neurotoxicity and cognitive effects of low-dose methotrexate for rheumatologic disease have often been described, but the neuropsychiatric effects of low-dose methotrexate for cutaneous disease have been underreported in the dermatology literature. We describe two children who experienced mood changes with methotrexate treatment for lichen sclerosus with morphea overlap and psoriasis, with rapid resolution of these symptoms after methotrexate cessation. We also detail possible mechanisms underlying psychiatric changes with methotrexate therapy.

Pityriasis lichenoides: Long-term follow-up study

Abstract

Background/Objectives

Pityriasis lichenoides is an uncommon papulosquamous disorder of unknown etiology. The objective of this study was to review the clinical features and treatment responses of individuals with pityriasis lichenoides seen at a tertiary referral center.

Methods

Seventy-five patients diagnosed with pityriasis lichenoides between 1997 and 2013 were reviewed, and 46 had long-term follow-up via telephone interviews.

Results

Fifty (67%) patients were diagnosed with pityriasis lichenoides chronica, 22 (29%) with pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta, and 3 (4%) with mixed pityriasis lichenoides chronica and pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta features. Mean ± standard deviation age at onset was 12 ± 13 years (median 8 years). Disease duration was significantly shorter for patients with pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta (35 ± 35 months) than for those with pityriasis lichenoides chronica (at least 78 ± 48 months). At long-term follow-up, 23 of 28 (82%) patients with pityriasis lichenoides chronica and 3 of 16 (19%) with pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta had active disease. None progressed to lymphomatoid papulosis or cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Ten of 23 active pityriasis lichenoides chronica cases had residual pigmentary change independent of race and lasted at least 35 ± 20 months. The most effective treatments were phototherapy (47% response rate), heliotherapy (33%), topical corticosteroids (27%), and antibiotics (25%).

Conclusion

Pityriasis lichenoides is a predominantly pediatric disorder. The time course of pityriasis lichenoides chronica is significantly longer than that of pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta. Pityriasis lichenoides chronica may persist with pigmentary alterations in the absence of other signs of active inflammation. Treatment response is often limited, particularly for patients with pityriasis lichenoides chronica.

Advances in Parasitology – Echinococcus and Echinococcosis

Advances in Parasitology – Echinococcus and Echinococcosis, Part A Edited by Thompson, Deplazes and Lymbery

Should we be testing for baseline integrase resistance in patients newly diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus?

Incidence, outcomes, and resource use in children with Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis

Abstract

Background/Objectives

Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are life-threatening cutaneous reactions, typically to drugs or infection. The incidence and outcomes of these conditions in children are unknown. The objective of this study was to report the overall burden of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in children in the United States.

Methods

We performed a retrospective cohort analysis of children and adolescents younger than 18 years of age using the 2009 and 2012 Kids' Inpatient Database.

Results

We identified 1486 children and adolescents hospitalized with a diagnosis of Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis. The national incidence per 100 000 was 6.3 for Stevens-Johnson syndrome, 0.7 for Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis overlap syndrome, and 0.5 for toxic epidermal necrolysis. The highest incidence in children was in those aged 11-15 years (38.4 per 100 000). Toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis overlap syndrome were associated with longer stay, greater mortality, and higher hospital charges than those with Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Hospital mortality was highest in children with toxic epidermal necrolysis and in children aged 0-5 years.

Conclusions

The incidence of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in children is higher than reported in adults, and there are significant age-based variations in incidence and outcomes across the pediatric population. Further study is needed to determine the most effective treatment strategies to reduce costs and improve outcomes in children hospitalized with severe cutaneous reactions.

Towards an international language for Incontinence-Associated Dermatitis (IAD): design and evaluation of psychometric properties of the Ghent Global IAD Categorisation Tool (GLOBIAD) in 30 countries

Summary

Background

Incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD) is a specific type of irritant contact dermatitis with different levels of severity. An internationally accepted instrument to assess the severity of IAD in adults with established diagnostic accuracy, agreement, and reliability is needed to support clinical practice and research.

Objectives

To design and psychometrically evaluate the Ghent Global IAD Categorisation Tool (GLOBIAD).

Methods

The design was based on expert consultation using a three-round Delphi procedure with 34 experts from 13 countries. The instrument was tested using IAD photographs reflecting different severity levels in a sample of 823 health professionals in 30 countries. Measures for diagnostic accuracy (sensitivity and specificity), agreement, inter-rater reliability (multi-rater Fleiss kappa), and intra-rater reliability (Cohen's Kappa) were assessed.

Results

The GLOBIAD consists of two categories according to the presence of persistent redness (Cat.1) and skin loss (Cat.2), both subdivided based on the presence of clinical signs of infection. The agreement for differentiating between Cat.1 and Cat.2 was 0.86 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.86-0.87], with a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 84%. The overall agreement was 0.55 (95%CI 0.55-0.56). The Fleiss Kappa for differentiating between Cat.1 and Cat.2 was 0.65 (95%CI 0.65-0.65). The overall Fleiss Kappa was 0.41 (95%CI 0.41-0.41). The Cohen's Kappa for differentiating between Cat.1 and Cat.2 was 0.76 (95%CI 0.75-0.77). The overall Cohen's Kappa was 0.61 (95%CI 0.59-0.62).

Conclusions

The development of the GLOBIAD is a major step forward towards a better systematic assessment of IAD in clinical practice and research worldwide. Further validation is however needed.

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Imatinib-induced pseudoporphyria

Analytical determination of the reducing and stabilization agents present in different Zostera noltii extracts used for the biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles

Publication date: February 2018
Source:Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, Volume 179
Author(s): Rafael Zarzuela, Manuel Jesús Luna, María Luisa Almoraima Gil, María Jesús Ortega, José María Palacios-Santander, Ignacio Naranjo-Rodríguez, Juan José Delgado, Laura María Cubillana-Aguilera
The objective of this work was to ascertain the nature of the components responsible for the reducing and stabilizing properties of Zostera noltii extracts that lead to gold nanoparticle formation using chemical techniques of analysis. In order to achieve this aim, we try the synthesis of AuNPs with three different extracts from plants collected in the Bay of Cádiz (Spain). The n-butanol extract produced the best results. Taking this into account, four fractions were isolated by Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography from this extract and we studied their activity. The chemical study of these fractions led to the isolation of several flavone sulfates and these were identified as the species' responsible for the formation and stabilization of the AuNPs. Flavone sulfates were purified by high performance liquid chromatography and the structures were established by means of spectroscopic methods nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy. AuNPs have an average lifetime of about 16weeks. Additionally, the morphology and crystalline phase of the gold nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy. The composition of the nanoparticles was evaluated by electron diffraction and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. An 88% of the gold nanoparticles has a diameter in the range 20–35nm, with an average size of 26±2nm.

Graphical abstract

Schöpf-Schulz-Passarge syndrome associated with two new missense mutations in WNT10A

ÖGDV Jahrestagung Salzburg 30. November bis 2. Dezember 2017, Congress Salzburg

Mastozytose – Pathogenese, Klinik und Therapie

Zusammenfassung

Mastozytosen sind seltene Erkrankungen. Aufgrund der charakteristischen Hautveränderungen, der teils assoziiert auftretenden Anaphylaxien sowie der Mediatorsymptomatik werden sie oft im dermatologisch-allergologischen Tätigkeitsbereich primär diagnostiziert. Zugrunde liegt eine klonale Mastzellvermehrung, meist in der Haut oder dem Knochenmark, seltener im Gastrointestinaltrakt oder anderen Organen. In der Regel haben Mastozytosen eine gute Prognose quoad vitam. Seltene Formen, wie die Mastzellleukämie, die aggressive Mastozytose und das extrem rare Mastzellsarkom erfordern eine zytoreduktive Therapie. Bei Mastozytosen mit assoziierter hämatologischer Neoplasie ist die Prognose abhängig von der begleitenden hämatologischen Grunderkrankung.

Blasen, Ulzera, Krusten und Atrophien an Handrücken und Unterarmstreckseiten

Journal-Club

DDG Aktuell

Rezidivierende Ohrschwellung

Technik für den Menschen – kaltes Atmosphärendruckplasma

Amyopathische Dermatomyositis mit Anti-TIF1-gamma-Antikörpern

Medizinische Anwendungen von nicht-thermischem Atmosphärendruckplasma in der Dermatologie

Zusammenfassung

Plasma ist ein ionisiertes Gas, das aus positiv und negativ geladenen Teilchen, neutralen Atomen und Photonen zusammengesetzt ist. Neueste Entwicklungen bei Plasmaquellen haben es möglich gemacht, Plasma in Raumtemperatur „open air" zu erzeugen und so die Anwendung von Plasma in vivo zu ermöglichen. Bei der Verwendung von nicht-thermischem Plasma können die Wirkstoffe effektiv an die Zielzellen verbracht werden, ohne thermischen Schaden zu verursachen. Nicht-thermisches Atmosphärendruck-Plasma, auch bekannt als kaltes Atmosphärendruck-Plasma (cold atmospheric pressure plasma, CAP), ermöglicht innovative medizinische Anwendungen und hat diesbezüglich auch in der Dermatologie große Aufmerksamkeit erlangt. Die komplexe und variable Mischung der Wirkstoffe im Plasma – überwiegend reaktive Sauerstoff- und Stickstoffspezies (ROS, RNS) – können komplexe biologische Reaktionen steuern oder auslösen und so die gewünschten Wirkungen dosisabhängig erzielen. Ziel dieser Übersichtsarbeit ist es, potenzielle dermatologische Anwendungen von Plasma darzustellen und seine möglichen Wirkmechanismen zu analysieren.

Molecular epidemiology of Trichophyton quinckeanum – a zoophilic dermatophyte on the rise

Summary

Background

Formerly only referred to as a subspecies (T. mentagrophytes var. quinckeanum), T. quinckeanum once again constitutes a distinct species according to the updated taxonomy of dermatophytes.

Patients and methods

During routine diagnostic tests conducted at the Mycology Laboratory, Mölbis, Germany, between 11/2013 to 1/2017 (three years and three months), all specimens sent in were examined for T. quinckeanum. Molecular biology methods employed included: 1) DNA hybridization (PCR ELISA), 2) gene sequencing of the ITS region and TEF-1α, and 3) in some cases, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.

Results

Overall, 62 strains of T. quinckeanum were found. Sixty-eight percent of patients were female; 43 % were children and adolescents (≤ 19 years of age). Cats were a frequent source of infection. Sequencing of all 62 strains revealed a concordance of 100 % with T. quinckeanum sequences contained in the NCBI database. Isolates analyzed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry showed specific spectra.

Conclusions

In Germany, the zoophilic dermatophyte T. quinckeanum currently appears to be more prevalent than expected. T. quinckeanum strains were isolated from children and adults with dermatomycosis and tinea capitis. Sources of infection with T. quinckeanum include small rodents (mice), horses, and – remarkably commonly –  cats. Given that unequivocal morphological identification of this dermatophyte is not always possible, molecular methods have to be employed in the diagnosis.

Kongresskalender 2018

Purpuriforme Maculae und Plaques bei einem Patienten mit Myasthenia gravis

Dapson für die topische Therapie in magistralen Rezepturen

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund:

Das Sulfon Dapson ist ein aus der Systemtherapie gut bekannter und pharmakologisch-toxikologisch bewährter Wirkstoff. In der topischen Therapie wird Dapson in Form von Gel-Zubereitungen für die Indikation Acne vulgaris eingesetzt. Es existieren zudem Einzelfallberichte zur Wirksamkeit topischer Dapsonzubereitungen bei verschiedenen neutrophilen Dermatosen. In Deutschland ist bisher kein Fertigarzneimittel als Topikum verfügbar.

Material und Methodik:

Vor diesem Hintergrund wurden magistrale Rezepturen enthaltend 5 % Dapson entwickelt, die den Qualitätsanforderungen des Europäischen Arzneibuchs und den Herstellungsanforderungen der Apothekenbetriebsordnung entsprechen. So wurde Dapson in hydrophober Basiscreme DAC sowie als Kombinationspräparat in Methylprednisolonaceponat 0,1 % Salbe (alternativ in die wirkstofffreie Grundlage) eingearbeitet.

Ergebnisse:

Untersuchungen zur physikalischen, chemischen und mikrobiologischen Stabilität konnten darstellen, dass die Rezepturen die genannten Qualitätsanforderungen erfüllen.

Schlussfolgerung:

Die entwickelten magistralen Rezepturen sollen die Optionen für die topische Therapie insbesondere bei chronisch entzündlichen Dermatosen mit neutrophiler Pathogenese erweitern.

S2k-Leitlinie – Kutane Lymphome Update 2016 – Teil 2: Therapie und Nachsorge (ICD10 C82 - C86)

Erosive pustulöse Dermatose der Kopfhaut: Neubewertung einer zu wenig beachteten Entität

Zusammenfassung

Die erosive pustulöse Dermatose der Kopfhaut (EPDK) ist eine entzündliche Erkrankung unbekannter Ätiologie. Wir besprechen die EPDK und präsentieren unsere eigene klinische und histopathologische Erfahrung von elf Patienten. Die EPDK neigt dazu, spontan die kahle Kopfhaut älterer Patienten zu befallen. Anamnestisch wird häufig – so auch bei vier unserer Patienten – eine vorausgegangene Operation an selbiger Stelle angegeben. Koronare Herzerkrankung, cerebraler Insult, arterieller Hypertonus, Diabetes mellitus und ernste Krebserkrankungen wurden ebenfalls häufig als Komorbidität diagnostiziert. Die meisten Patienten zeigen trotz antiinflammatorischer Lokaltherapie einen schwankenden klinischen Verlauf, bei einigen heilt die Läsion unter Narbenbildung ab. Histopathologisch findet sich eine Kruste oder Erosion mit Granulationsgewebe-ähnlichen Veränderungen im Korium mit späterer Entstehung einer Narbe. Neben einer lokalen und aktinischen Schädigung könnten eine eingeschränkte Immunität und Mikrozirkulation prädisponierende Faktoren der Erkrankung sein. Analog zum Pyoderma gangraenosum muss die EPDK bei nichtheilenden Wunden älterer Patienten bedacht werden, nachdem die Differenzialdiagnosen, die diese Erkrankung simulieren, ausgeschlossen wurden. Da vorausgegangene oder benachbarte Basalzell- und insbesondere Plattenepithelkarzinome häufig sind und infiltrative Varianten jenseits des klinisch sichtbaren Krankheitsprozesses vorkommen, kann im Zweifelsfall eine sogenannte histologische Kartierung der umgebenden Haut ratsam sein.

Hyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans bei einem Patienten mit primärem Hyperaldosteronismus

Braun-gelblicher Plaque am Penisschaft

Leucaemia cutis bei einem Patienten mit chronischer myelomonozytärer Leukämie

Leserbrief zu Wetzig T und Kohn D. Longitudinale Sehnenspreizung in Kombination mit Unterdrucktherapie zur Therapie freiliegender Achillessehnen. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2017; 15 (10): 1050–52

Issue Information

A Case of Everolimus-Induced Eyelid Edema

Everolimus is a newer generation mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor approved for immunosuppressive use in a number of advanced medical conditions. The authors report a unique case of persistent eyelid edema believed to be related to the immunosuppressive therapy. The therapy was being well tolerated despite the persistent eyelid edema, so the patient underwent a bilateral upper eyelid blepharoplasty. The patient responded well with resolution of her eyelid dermatochalasis and markedly decreased edema. Everolimus-induced eyelid edema should be recognized by clinicians as a potential side effect of the medication. Surgical excision of excess eyelid tissue by blepharoplasty can be a successful way to manage this side effect. Everolimus (zortress) was initially approved as an immunosuppressive agent for renal transplantation patients.1 Approval for the treatment of subependymal giant cell astrocytomas associated with tuberous sclerosis, progressive metastatic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 negative breast cancer in postmenopausal woman, liver transplantation patients, and well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors of gastrointestinal or pulmonary origin has followed.2,3 Everolimus is a derivative of sirolimus (rapamune), and similar to sirolimus acts as an inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin.1 Few prior studies have reported eyelid edema from sirolomus.4–6 Many prior medications have been implicated in eyelid edema formation.4–11 To date, periocular edema has not been reported as a side effect of everolimus. We report a patient with bilateral upper eyelid edema associated with everolimus therapy requiring surgical intervention to ameliorate the significant skin redundancy and the visual field defect. This report complies with the Declaration of Helsinki and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act regulations.

A Lacrimal Gland Choristoma of the Lacrimal Sac

Choristomatous lacrimal gland tissue has been detected in many different sites of the ocular adnexa, but has never before been convincingly described in the submucosa of the lacrimal sac. A 77-year-old woman with epiphora had a biopsy of the sac wall preformed during a dacryocystorhinostomy that contained such a lacrimal choristoma. Zymogen granules were found in the cytoplasm of the secretory cells with the periodic acid-Schiff reaction. No mucus-producing cells, as found in normal sac submucosal glands, were detected using the Alcian blue, mucicarmine, and Gomori methenamine silver histochemical stains. Gross cystic fluid protein-15 positivity was demonstrated immunohistochemically. The clinical implications of this choristoma are explored.

The Brow Fat Pad Suspension Suture: Safety Profile and Clinical Observations

Purpose: To evaluate the safety, subjectively assess outcome, and emphasize surgical pearls and critical clinical observations of upper blepharoplasty performed in conjunction with the brow fat pad suspension suture procedure, previously referred to as a "browpexy variant" or "brassiere suture procedure." Methods: A retrospective 4-year analysis of patients who underwent the brow fat pad suspension suture with upper blepharoplasty was performed. Adjunctive procedures (brow lift and ptosis repair) were categorized. The surgical technique is detailed with emphasis placed on nuances to aid in optimal outcome. Results: Two hundred and sixteen patients (149 women and 47 men) underwent upper blepharoplasty with the brow fat pad suspension suture. The average patient age is 54 years and follow up is 11 months. One hundred patients had adjudicative brow lift or ptosis repair, and in 20 patients the blepharoplasty was a revision procedure. Subjective assessment of outcome showed excellent aesthetic results with improved brow projection, and enhanced lateral tarsal platform show and eyebrow/eyelid contour. Surgical complications were infrequent and patient satisfaction was high. Conclusions: This initial large series description of the brow fat pad suspension suture demonstrates that it is a safe adjunct to upper blepharoplasty, which the authors believe subjectively improves overall outcome. Evidence-based quantitative assessments of objective measures of surgical results are currently underway.

Isolated Neurofibroma of the Orbit: Case Report and Literature Review

Purpose: To summarize the clinical, radiographic, and intraoperative characteristics of isolated neurofibromas of the orbit (INFO) in the literature and report a case of INFO. Methods: Case report and a systematic review of the literature. Results: A total of 45 patients were identified from 18 previous studies. There was no sex predilection and mean ages were between 32.3 and 40.0 years with a standard deviation of 9.8 to 19.5 years, median age was 32 to 38 years with a range of 1.5 to 82 years. On CT imaging, INFO reveals homogeneous precontrast radiodensity similar to that of extraocular muscles. On MR imaging, INFO appears hypointense to orbital fat and isointense to brain on precontrast T1-weighted images. On T2-weighted images, they have been described as being predominantly hyperintense with possible hypointense intralesional islands. To the best of our knowledge, our case identifies the youngest patient with the myxoid histologic variant of INFO. Conclusions: Patients with orbital neurofibromas should be evaluated for the presence of systemic neurofibromatosis, and the plexiform variant is a commonly associated subtype. The myxoid variant can be part of a lesser known condition called NAME syndrome (nevi, atrial myxoma, myxoid neurofibroma, and ephelides) which may warrant echocardiography in patients to evaluate for associated cardiac tumors.

Upper Eyelid Response to Topical 0.5% Apraclonidine

Purpose: To describe the change in upper eyelid position in a self-reportedly normal population after the administration of topical 0.5% apraclonidine in each eye. Methods: One hundred self-reportedly normal subjects received a 1-time administration of topical 0.5% apraclonidine in each eye. Digital photographs were taken at baseline and then 30 and 45 minutes following apraclonidine instillation. Marginal reflex distance 1 was determined via image analysis of acquired digital photographs (image-derived measurements are given the prefix "i" in this study). The horizontal corneal diameter was used as a constant measurement scale in each photograph. Results: The mean increase in i-marginal reflex distance 1 post-administration of 0.5% apraclonidine was +0.70 ± 0.60 mm (range, −0.94 to +2.66 mm) after 30 minutes and +0.68 ± 0.59 mm (range, −0.69 to +2.54 mm) after 45 minutes. Of the 200 total eyelids in 100 subjects, 181 (90.5%) had an increase in i-marginal reflex distance 1 at 30 minutes. Of the 100 subjects, 85 (85%) had a bilateral increase in i-marginal reflex distance 1, 4 (4%) had a bilateral decrease, and 11 (11%) had a unilateral increase with a contralateral decrease. Conclusions: Given its predominant small-amplitude upper eyelid elevating effect, topical apraclonidine may be a useful off-label alternative treatment for mild upper eyelid ptosis and in eyelid asymmetry due to eyelid retraction through use in the contralateral eye.

Wiesner Nevus of the Eyelid

A healthy 31-year-old female presented with an elevated vascular lesion on the right lower eyelid margin. Histology results from excisional biopsy demonstrated a range of intradermally nested atypical melanocytes with negative staining for BRCA1-associated protein 1, confirming the diagnosis of Wiesner nevus. Wiesner nevi may be a cutaneous hallmark of the BRCA1-associated protein 1–associated cancer susceptibility syndrome, and to our knowledge, this is the first report of such a lesion presenting anywhere on the ocular adnexa.

Outcomes of Endoscopic Dacryocystorhinostomy in Secondary Acquired Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction: A Case–Control Study

Introduction: Secondary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction (SANDO), where the obstruction is caused by a known process, is becoming more commonly treated by endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (endoDCR). This study evaluates outcomes of endoDCR for cases of SANDO in comparison to endoDCR outcomes treating primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction (PANDO). Methods: All patients undergoing endoDCR from 2006 to 2015 at a tertiary referral center were reviewed for etiology of nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO) and success of procedure. Inclusion criteria were preoperative determination of NLDO via probing and irrigation, greater than 60-day follow up with assessment of duct patency via probing and irrigation after silicone tube removal, and postoperative survey for recurrent epiphora. Exclusion criteria were cases treating partial NLDO, patients undergoing concurrent conjunctivodacryocystorhinostomy, and patients lost to follow up or with incomplete records. Preanalysis stratification was performed for the following preexisting conditions: PANDO, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, sarcoidosis, midfacial radiotherapy, radioactive iodine therapy, severe prolonged sinusitis, prior failed DCR, and midface trauma. The primary outcome was postoperative anatomical patency of the nasolacrimal system with resolution of epiphora. Fisher–Freeman–Halton exact tests were performed comparing each SANDO group to the PANDO group with statistical significance set at p

Limbal Cysts: A Subset Exhibiting Cornea-Specific Cytokeratins

Two cases of limbal cysts lined by nonkeratinizing epithelium were studied with a panel of cytokeratins. One was a long-standing lesion in a 30-year-old man, whereas the other was excised from a 40-year-old man following pterygium surgery. Each cyst was immunostained with a panel of cytokeratins that were specific exclusively and separately for corneal and conjunctival epithelia. The epithelial lining of each cyst was CK12 positive for corneal epithelium and CK13 negative for conjunctival epithelium. It is hypothesized that a subset of corneoscleral cysts contain corneal epithelium, probably derived from a type of limbal stem cell differentiation.

Characterizing the Occluded Lacrimal Punctum Using Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography

Purpose: Epiphora is sometimes associated with an absent or occluded lacrimal drainage punctum (or puncta). This study uses noninvasive "enhanced depth" anterior segment optical coherence tomography (OCT) to give improved characterization and understanding of absent or fully occluded puncta and the underlying canaliculus. Methods: Anterior segment spectral domain OCT images were collected prospectively from 9 lower puncta of 6 patients with epiphora and absent or fully occluded puncta, not amenable to dilation in clinic, to see if a canaliculus was visible on OCT imaging below the occluded punctum. Results: An epithelial lined canalicular lumen was visible on OCT in 4 lower eyelid puncta from 2 patients and OCT identified 80% (4/5) of the canaliculi that were located on microscope-assisted punctal exploration. These lumens were seen within 580 μm depth from the eyelid margin surface. A half of the eyes in which a canaliculus was identified on OCT (the 2 eyes in a single patient) had resolution of epiphora following punctoplasty, and the other patient was found to have coexisting nasolacrimal duct stenosis and required later dacryocystorhinostomy. The positive predictive value for identifying a canaliculus on lower eyelid punctal exploration in acquired complete punctal occlusion (excluding the congenital case) was 1, with a negative predictive value of 1. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that canaliculi can be imaged with OCT where formal access is precluded by an occluded punctum. This noninvasive investigation might help predict the likelihood of successful retrieval of a canaliculus at surgical exploration.

Aesthetic Abstracts and Citations

No abstract available

The Hook and Release Technique During Enucleation Surgery

Purpose: To describe the results and potential benefit of direct muscle release from the globe during enucleation surgery without identifying sutures in the rectus muscle insertion sites, a technique referred to as the hook and release technique. Methods: Single center, retrospective chart review of patients who underwent enucleation with direct removal of the rectus muscles without identifying sutures in their insertion sites between January 2011 and September 2015 was carried out. The inclusion criteria were primary enucleation without previous strabismus surgery, retinal detachment surgery, or orbital surgery that entered the fibrous connective tissue framework. Forty charts of enucleated patients that had direct release of their extraocular muscles without identifying sutures before releasing them from the globe were identified and reviewed. The primary outcome measure was intraoperative or immediate postoperative complications. This retrospective chart review was performed with research ethics board approval and in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Results: Data show that following the hook and release technique, the rectus muscles were easily located and reconnected to the orbital implant wrap. The oblique muscles were not reattached. In each of the 40 patients, the 4 rectus muscles were easily located by gently applying traction anteriorly at the conjunctiva/Tenons' edge using double-pronged skin hooks. There was no instance of a lost or slipped muscle following the hook and release technique. Conclusion: The hook and release technique is a simple and efficient method to remove the 4 rectus muscles from the globe and still easily locate them. They are not "lost" and do not "slip out of position" but held in place by the orbital connective tissue framework and the extraocular muscle pulley system. This technique has been very helpful teaching resident staff how to do enucleation surgery as it avoids the more time consuming placement of double-armed locking sutures through the rectus muscle insertions and the potential risk of globe penetration while the muscles remain attached to the eye. If the surgeon desires to attach the muscles to the orbital implant, then sutures are passed after the eye is removed, thus eliminating the worry of globe penetration and avoiding accidentally cutting preplaced extraocular muscle sutures during the remaining enucleation procedure.

Treatment of Pediatric IgG4-Related Orbital Disease With TNF-α Inhibitor

The authors describe a 9-year-old female who presented with swelling, proptosis, and tenderness of the right upper eyelid and MRI imaging demonstrating right lacrimal gland enlargement. After failing treatment with corticosteroids, the patient underwent a biopsy that was consistent with IgG4-related orbital disease. She was subsequently successfully treated with adalimumab (TNF-α inhibitor). This is the first case report of the successful use of a TNF-α inhibitor for the treatment of IgG4-related orbital disease in a child.

Current Trends in Upper and Lower Eyelid Blepharoplasty Among American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Members

Purpose: To assess current practice patterns for management of upper and lower eyelid blepharoplasty by active American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery members. Methods: An invitation to participate in a web-based anonymous survey was sent to the active American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery membership via email. The survey consists of 34 questions, both multiple choice and free response, regarding upper and lower eyelid blepharoplasty surgery. Practice patterns for both aesthetic and functional blepharoplasty are assessed. Results: Thirty-four percent (161/472) of American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery members polled responded to the survey. Members perform an average of 196 upper eyelid, 46 lower eyelid, and 53 four-eyelid blepharoplasty procedures per year, with 70% of cases being functional and 30% purely aesthetic. Most members prefer monitored care (71%) to local (21%) or general (8%) anesthesia. Eighty-nine percent of surgeons use topical antibiotics after surgery, erythromycin being the most common (51%). Fourteen percent of members use postoperative oral antibiotics, with cephalexin (81%) being most common. In upper eyelid blepharoplasty, orbicularis muscle is excised by 86% of respondents. Orbital fat is excised, when deemed appropriate, in 97% of cases, with nasal fat excised most commonly (88%). Less commonly, fat repositioning (36%) and adjunctive fat grafting (33%) are performed. In lower eyelid blepharoplasty, surgeons report using one or more of the following approaches: transconjunctival (96%), transcutaneous (82%), and both transconjunctival and transcutaneous (51%). Common adjunctive procedures include orbital fat excision (99%), fat repositioning (80%), and lateral canthal suspension (96%). Less common adjunctive procedures include laser skin resurfacing (36%) and chemical peels (29%). Conclusions: This report outlines contemporary practice patterns among active American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery members in the management of upper and lower eyelid blepharoplasty. It is important to quantify such data periodically to update the membership as to how this common surgical procedure is approached. This also allows eyelid surgeons to compare their practice patterns with a national group specializing in such surgery.

Primary Neuroendocrine Tumor of the Orbit Presenting With Acute Proptosis

Primary neuroendocrine tumors of the orbit are exceedingly rare and typically present with gradual, progressive exophthalmos. In this report, an otherwise healthy 64-year-old woman undergoes resection of a well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor after presenting with acute proptosis. An extensive clinical and radiographic evaluation reveals no other evidence of disease, establishing the diagnosis of a primary neuroendocrine tumor. The case presentation is followed by a brief review of the classification, presentation, and evaluation of orbital neuroendocrine tumors.

Baby Shampoo Versus Povidone-Iodine or Isopropyl Alcohol in Reducing Eyelid Skin Bacterial Load

Purpose: Baby shampoo is used as an alternative surgical skin preparation, but the evidence supporting its use is scarce with no descriptions of efficacy in the periocular region. The authors compare the efficacy of baby shampoo, povidone-iodine (PI, Betadine) and isopropyl alcohol (IA) in reducing eyelid skin bacterial load. Methods: Prospective, randomized, comparative, and interventional trial. Bacterial load on adult, human eyelid skin was quantitated before and after cleansing with 1) dilute baby shampoo, 2) 10% PI, or 3) 70% IA. Paired skin swabs were collected from a 1 cm2 area of the upper eyelid of subjects before and after a standardized surgical scrub technique. Samples were cultured on 5% sheep blood agar for 24 hours. The number of colony forming units (CFU) was assessed and bacterial load per square centimeter of eyelid skin was quantified. Results: Baseline and postcleansing samples were assessed from 42 eyelids of 42 subjects (n = 14 for each of baby shampoo, PI, and IA). Before cleansing, similar amounts of bacterial flora were grown from all specimens (median log CFU/cm2 = 2.04 before baby shampoo, 2.01 before PI, 2.11 before IA; p > 0.05). All 3 cleansing agents significantly reduced the bacterial load (p 0.05). Change from baseline in bacterial load was statistically similar for all 3 agents (median reduction in log CFU/cm2 = 1.28 with baby shampoo, 1.57 with PI, 1.40 with IA; p > 0.05). These corresponded to bacterial load reductions of 96.3%, 96.6%, and 98.4% for baby shampoo, PI, and IA, respectively. Conclusions: Baby shampoo achieved comparable diminution in eyelid skin bacterial load to PI or IA. These data suggest baby shampoo may be an effective preoperative cleansing agent.

Rituximab Monotherapy Is Effective in Treating Orbital Necrobiotic Xanthogranuloma

The authors report a case of a patient with bilateral orbital necrobiotic xanthogranuloma and no associated systemic paraproteinemia. Orbital biopsy showed strong expression of CD20-positive cells. The patient was treated with systemic rituximab monotherapy, with excellent clinical response and marked regression of the orbital lesions on imaging. At the time of writing, the patient has been treated with bimonthly rituximab maintenance therapy for 22 months and has stable clinical and imaging findings with sustained response to treatment and no reported side effects. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported case of orbital necrobiotic xanthogranuloma successfully treated with rituximab monotherapy. They hope that this well-documented case will encourage clinicians to consider rituximab monotherapy as a possible treatment option, albeit one entailing an off-label use of this drug, for patients with necrobiotic xanthogranuloma of the orbit.

Prophylactic Antibiotics for Enucleation and Evisceration: A Retrospective Study and Systematic Literature Review

Purpose: To report surgical site infection (SSI) rates of eviscerations and enucleations with implants performed without perioperative intravenous (IV) antibiotics or postoperative oral antibiotics, and to give SSI prevention recommendations. Methods: A single-center retrospective chart review was performed after obtaining institutional review board approval. Charts were found by Current Procedural Terminology codes. Demographics, surgical indication, procedure, implant, antibiotic use, and postoperative course were recorded. SSIs occurring within 30 days after surgery were reviewed and postoperative infection rates were determined. Results: Four hundred eighty-one cases from January 1999 to December 2015 were analyzed. There were 102 eviscerations with implants, 314 enucleations with implants, 23 enucleations without implants, 23 implant exchanges, 15 implants placed secondarily after enucleation, and 4 implant removals. Seventy cases (14.6%) were given perioperative IV antibiotics, and in this group one periorbital infection occurred unrelated to orbital surgery (1.4%). Of the 411 cases (85.4%) not given perioperative IV antibiotics, 1 of 87 eviscerations with implants developed an SSI (1.1%), 2 of 273 enucleations with implants developed SSIs (0.7%), and none of the 13 enucleations without implants developed SSIs. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first published case series reporting SSI rates of enucleations and eviscerations with implants performed without perioperative IV antibiotics or postoperative oral antibiotics. With infection rates comparing favorably to other case series where antibiotics were given, the routine use of perioperative IV antibiotics and postoperative oral antibiotics for enucleations and eviscerations may not be indicated.

Keratocystic Odontogenic Tumor Involving the Orbital Apex

No abstract available

Rethinking Our Definition of Postoperative Success: A Comparative Analysis of Three Upper Eyelid Retraction Repair Techniques Using Novel Metrics to Capture Functional and Aesthetic Outcomes

Purpose: To compare 3 upper eyelid retraction repair techniques and introduce novel metrics, which enhance the analysis of postoperative aesthetic outcomes. Methods: Retrospective review with Image J 1.48 digital analysis of patients who underwent repair of thyroid-related upper eyelid retraction at the University of Iowa from 1996 to 2014 via 1 of 3 surgical techniques, septum-opening levator recession with Muellerectomy, modified septum-preserving levator recession with Muellerectomy, and modified septum-preserving full-thickness blepharotomy, was conducted. Photographs were obtained preoperatively, 3 to 6 months postoperatively, and at last follow up (>6 months) and evaluated by digital image analysis (denoted by "i"). Outcome measures assessed were marginal reflex distance (iMRD1), temporal-to-nasal ratio, tarsal platform show (iTPS), pupil to visible eyelid crease, brow fat span (iBFS), tarsal platform show to brow fat span ratio (iTPS:iBFS), and tarsal platform show minimizing power (iTPS-minimizing power). Results: A total of 121 eyelids (28 septum-opening levator recession with Muellerectomy, 66 septum-preserving levator recession with Muellerectomy, and 27 septum-preserving full-thickness blepharotomy) from 74 patients were evaluated with a mean follow up of 24.2 months. There were no statistically significant differences between techniques in terms of iMRD1 or temporal-to-nasal ratio reduction at either time point (intertechnique p values of 0.17 to >0.99). The percentage of eyelids from subjects undergoing bilateral intervention that achieved a final iMRD1 between 2.50 mm and 4.50 mm was similar (intertechnique p value of 0.23), with no difference regarding the number of subjects demonstrating iMRD1 symmetry within 1 mm (intertechnique p value of 0.15). Though iTPS elongation was greater at 3 to 6 months with septum-opening compared with the combined septum-preserving techniques (p value of 0.04), this difference was not maintained at final follow up (p value of >0.99). There was no difference in terms of iTPS symmetry at time of final follow up (intertechnique p value of 0.69). The pupil to visible eyelid crease was unchanged in all techniques (p values >0.99). Mean changes in iBFS at final follow up were −1.27 mm, −0.44 mm, and +0.55 mm for septum-opening levator recession with Muellerectomy, septum-preserving levator recession with Muellerectomy, and septum-preserving full-thickness blepharotomy (p values of 0.01, 0.49, and >0.99, respectively). Mean iTPS:iBFS ratios at final follow up were not statistically different between techniques (intertechnique p value of 0.10) and no difference in symmetry was demonstrated (intertechnique p value of 0.47). Median values for iTPS-minimizing power were: −0.83, −0.93, and −1.01 for septum-opening levator recession with Muellerectomy, septum-preserving levator recession with Muellerectomy, and septum-preserving full-thickness blepharotomy, respectively (intertechnique p value of 0.54). Conclusions: Each technique appropriately lowered the eyelid and improved contour without intertechnique variability. Septum-preserving techniques demonstrated less iTPS elongation initially, but this difference was not maintained. The visible eyelid crease height (pupil to visible eyelid crease) remained stable in all techniques, indicating that the iTPS elongation seen with each technique was secondary to reduction in iMRD1 and the iBFS reduction seen with septum-opening levator recession with Muellerectomy was due to brow descent. No intertechnique differences in the amount of iTPS elongation relative to iMRD1 reduction (i.e., the novel iTPS-minimizing power) were seen. Given that each procedure evaluated yielded similar results, technique selection may be guided by surgeon experience and preference.

Re: Commentary on “Localizing the Lost Rectus Muscle Using the Connective Tissue Framework Revisiting the Tunnel Technique”

No abstract available

Vitiligo: Patient stories, self-esteem, and the psychological burden of disease

Vitiligo is a relatively common disorder that is characterized by depigmented patches of skin. Multiple studies characterize the overwhelming psychological burden that is experienced by many patients around the globe. This review examines personal patient stories and the impacts of age, culture, sex, race, and ethnicity in relationship to altered self-esteem and quality of life in patients who live with vitiligo.

Psychosocial impact of inherited and autoimmune blistering diseases

Inherited and autoimmune blistering diseases are rare, chronic, and often severe disorders that have the potential to significantly affect patients' quality of life. The effective management of these conditions requires consideration of the physical, emotional, and social aspects of the disease. Self-esteem is integral to patients' ability to cope with their illness, participate in treatment, and function in society. This article discusses quality-of-life studies of patients with blistering diseases with a particular focus on self-esteem issues that patients may face.

Naturfotografie

Integriertes Hochwasserrisikomanagement in Österreich

Visualization of age-related vascular alterations in facial skin using optical coherence tomography-based angiography

The assessment of dermal vasculature is crucial for understanding skin homeostasis, inflammation and disease. Various methods have been used to investigate structural alterations of the dermal vasculature [1,2]. Histological approaches have revealed vascular alterations in aged skin, for example decreasing vessel density, and irregular and disorganized vessels. However, the complex three-dimensional arrangement of vascular plexuses cannot be seen and investigated by the examination of conventional histological tissue sections.

Signaling Pathway

Signaling Pathway Autophagy-related proteins (ATG) regulate this process in yeast and many ATG proteins are conserved in mammals. Individual ATG proteins and ATG-complexes support specific steps in the dynamic process of autophagy. The formation of a double membrane vesicle for the entrapment and delivery of cytosolic content to lysosomes is the hallmark of autophagy. Formation of the mature organelle or autolysosome involves a sequence of coordinated events. In each step, ATG proteins catalyze specific reactions critical for the maintenance of autophagic flux. Explore the Autophagy Interactive Pathway Autophagic Flux The process of autophagy involves a series of events including:

	Induction: May be triggered by starvation or reduced nutrient availability. Inhibition of mTOR kinase (mammalian target of rapamycin), a key regulator of nutrient signaling. Upon mTOR inhibition, decrease phosphorylation status of a protein complex including ULK1 (unc-51-like kinase 1), ATG13/ATG101 and FIP200/RB1CC1 (RB1-inducible coiled-coil 1), increases the activity of ULK1 and induces autophagy. Laverne >>> Regulation of Autophagy
	Nucleation, Phagophore Formation: Release of Beclin1 and AMBRA1 from their inhibitor Bcl-2. Formation of the Ptdlns3K (Class lll phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) complex including ATG14, VPS15 and VPS34 (vacuolar protein sorting). PtdIns3K complex phosphorylates lipids and gives rise to phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate and recruits ATGs to the new membrane. The phagophore transmembrane protein ATG9 participates in the addition of membrane during elongation.
	Elongation, Autophagosome Formation: Mediated by two ubiquitin-like conjugation complexes: ATG7 and ATG10 act as E1 and E2 enzymes to conjugate ATG12 to ATG5. Atg12-Atgt5 conjugate with ATG16L1 (Atg16-like1) and promote the lipidation of LC3-II. ATG4, ATG7 (E1) and ATG3 (E2) process pro-LC3 to the final lipid conjugated form LC3-II. Phagophore's membrane expands and closes onto itself sequestering the cytosolic content. All peripheral ATG proteins dissociate from the autophagosome and return to the cytosol. Lipidated LC3 remains associated with the autophagosome's internal membrane. LC3-II interacts with p62/SQSTM1 inside the autophagosome.
	Fusion and Degradation: SNARE protein STX17 (syntaxin 17 - blue) localizes to completed autophagosomes. STX17 interacts with SNAP29 - green and lysosomal VAMP8 - red and leads to autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Proton pumps and hydrolases are added to the autophagosome for formation of the autolysosome, cargo acidification and hydrolysis. Laverne >>> Phagosome-Lysosome Fusion

Selective Autophagy

Cytosolic components are targeted for degradation in bulk or by selective autophagy. Selective autophagy pathways are broadly classified as ubiquitin-independent or -dependent and involve adaptor proteins and selective autophagy receptors that interact directly or via ubiquitin with cellular targets, respectively.

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<div id="tabs" class="ui-tabs-nav"> <ul> <li>Autophagy Receptor</li> <li>LC3 Isoforms</li> <li>Nuclear Regulation</li> </ul> <div class="tabs-container"> <div class="tabs-tab"> <table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="4"> <tr> <td> <h2>Selective Autophagy Receptors</h2> <p> <b>Ubiquitin-Dependent Autophagy</b>: In ubiquitin-dependent autophagy, selective autophagy receptor proteins interact with their specific cargo via their ubiquitin binding domain (UBD). This selective autophagy pathway is believed to cooperate with the ubiquitin-proteasome system in the targeting and elimination of protein aggregates. Considerable overlap exists in the selectivity of the receptors. </p> <p align="center"><img src="http://ift.tt/2megPZZ" alt="Selective Autophagy Receptors"></p> <p> <b>Ubiquitin-Independent Autophagy</b>: Receptors involved in this pathway recognize a variety of molecules as cargo including proteins, sugars and lipids. This type of selective autophagy was initially identified in yeast, but more recently specific pathways have been recognized in eukaryotes. </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table width="100%"> <tr bgcolor="#005F9E"> <td width="30%"> <span style="color: #FFFFFF; font-weight: bold;">Cytosolic Cargo</span> </td> <td width="30%"> <span style="color: #FFFFFF; font-weight: bold;">Ubiquitin-Dependent</span> </td> <td width="40%"> <span style="color: #FFFFFF; font-weight: bold;">Ubiquitin-Independent</span> </td> </tr> <tr style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-color:#005f9e; border-width: 1px;"> <td> <a href="/research-areas/cellular-markers/mitochondrial-markers.html">Mitochondria</a> </td> <td> <a href="/common-name/optineurin">OPTN</a>, <a href="/common-name/ndp52">NDP52</a>, <a href="/common-name/tax1bp1">TAX1BP1</a>, <a href="/common-name/p62-sqstm1">p62</a> </td> <td> <a href="/common-name/bnip3l">NIX/BNIP3</a>, <a href="/common-name/fundc1">FUNDC1</a>, ATG32 </td> </tr> <tr style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-color:#005f9e; border-width: 1px;"> <td> Protein Aggregates </td> <td> p62, <a href="/nbr1">NBR1</a>, OPTN, <a href="/common-name/tollip">TOLLIP</a> </td> <td> OPTN </td> </tr> <tr style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-color:#005f9e; border-width: 1px;"> <td> <a href="/research-areas/cellular-markers/peroxisome-markers.html">Peroxisomes</a> </td> <td> NBR1, p62 </td> <td> ATG30, ATG36 </td> </tr> <tr style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-color:#005f9e; border-width: 1px;"> <td> Bacteria </td> <td> p62, OPTN, NDP52, TAX1BP1 </td> <td> Galectin-8/NDP52 </td> </tr> <tr style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-color:#005f9e; border-width: 1px;"> <td> RNA granules </td> <td> NDP52, p62 </td> <td>   </td> </tr> <tr style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-color:#005f9e; border-width: 1px;"> <td> Proteasome </td> <td> <a href="/common-name/s5a-angiocidin">RPN10</a> </td> <td>   </td> </tr> <tr style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-color:#005f9e; border-width: 1px;"> <td> <a href="/research-areas/cellular-markers/er-markers.html">Endoplasmic Reticulum</a> </td> <td>   </td> <td> <a href="/common-name/fam134b">FAM134B</a> </td> </tr> <tr style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-color:#005f9e; border-width: 1px;"> <td> Viruses </td> <td>   </td> <td> <a href="/common-name/trim5">TRIM5α</a>, <a href="/common-name/smurf1">SMURF1</a>, p62 </td> </tr> <tr style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-color:#005f9e; border-width: 1px;"> <td> <a href="/research-areas/cellular-markers/nuclear-envelope-markers.html">Nuclear Envelope</a> </td> <td>   </td> <td> ATG39 </td> </tr> </table> <br/> <br/> <p align="center"><a href="/research-areas/autophagy/macroautophagy" class="link_button">Explore Detection Methods</a></p> <br/><br/> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="tabs-tab"> <h2>LC3 and GABARAP Family Members</h2> <p>In mammals seven LC3 family members have been identified that belong to two main sub-families, LC3 and GABARAP. Different LC3 proteins may play specific roles in selective autophagy mechanisms.</p> <table width="100%" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="4"> <tr bgcolor="#005F9E"> <td width="50%"> <span style="color: #FFFFFF; font-weight: bold;">Sub-Family</span> </td> <td width="50%"> <span style="color: #FFFFFF; font-weight: bold;">Isoforms</span> </td> </tr> <tr style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-color:#005f9e; border-width: 1px;"> <td> LC3 </td> <td> <a href="/common-name/lc3a">MAP1LC3A</a>, <a href="/common-name/lc3b">MAP1LC3B</a>, MAP1LC3B2, <a href="/common-name/lc3c">MAP1LC3C</a> </td> </tr> <tr style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-color:#005f9e; border-width: 1px;"> <td> GABARAP </td> <td> <a href="/common-name/gabarap">GABARAP</a>, <a href="/common-name/gabarapl1">GABARAPL1</a>, <a href="/common-name/gate-16-gabarapl2">GABARAPL2</a>, GABARAPL3* </td> </tr> </table> <p>Isoforms share 29-94% sequence identity. *Only subfamily member not involved in formation of autophagosomes. </p> <br/> <p align="center"><a href="/support/autophagy/LC3/top-cited" class="link_button">Explore Top Cited LC3B Antibody</a></p> <br/> </div> <div class="tabs-tab"> <h2>Transcriptional Regulation</h2> <p> Various transcriptional regulatory axes have been identified to modulate autophagy. Translocation of transcription factors between the cytoplasm and the nuclei determines their function as modulators of autophagy. Each axis regulates autophagy via unique mechanisms. </p> <br/> <ol style="list-style: none;"> <li><a href="/common-name/tfeb">TFEB</a>/<a href="/common-name/zkscan3">ZKSCAN3</a> <b>axis</b>: Both transcription factors bind to overlapping promoter regions and regulate the expression of similar ATG genes. </li> <br/> <li><b>FOXO axis</b>: <a href="/common-name/foxo1-fkhr">FOXO1</a> is required for the transcriptional activation of autophagy genes by <a href="/common-name/foxo3">FOXO3</a>. </li> <br/> <li><a href="/common-name/e2f-1">E2F1</a> <b>and</b> <a href="/common-name/rela-nfkb-p65">NF-kB</a> <b>axis</b>: Inhibitory crosstalk between these two transcription factors is involved in the regulation of autophagy. </li> </ol> <br/> <p align="center"><img src="http://ift.tt/2qGAMxd" alt="Transcriptional Regulation"></p> <br/> <p> <b>Epigenetic Control:</b><br/> Research in autophagy has predominantly centered on the cytoplasmic mechanisms that regulate this process. However, recent findings have identified intricate regulatory pathways involving DNA and histone modifying enzymes that dynamically fine-tune the process of autophagy. </p> <br/> <table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="4"> <tr bgcolor="#005F9E"> <td width="30%"> <span style="color: #FFFFFF; font-weight: bold;">Enzymatic Mechanism</span> </td> <td width="40%"> <span style="color: #FFFFFF; font-weight: bold;">Autophagy Related Genes Modulated</span> </td> <td width="30%"> <span style="color: #FFFFFF; font-weight: bold;">Associated Autophagic State</span> </td> </tr> <tr style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-color:#005f9e; border-width: 1px;"> <td valign="top"> <a href="/common-name/dnmt2">DNMT2</a> Hypermethylation </td> <td valign="top"> ATG5 and LC3 downregulated </td> <td valign="top"> Reduced autophagy </td> </tr> <tr style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-color:#005f9e; border-width: 1px;"> <td valign="top"> ESA1/<a href="/common-name/histone-deacetylase-2-hdac2">RPD3</a> axis Acetylation/Deacetylation of H4 </td> <td valign="top"> Ribosomal Protein upregulated/ downregulated LC3 expression regulation </td> <td valign="top"> Reduced/Increased autophagy </td> </tr> <tr style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-color:#005f9e; border-width: 1px;"> <td valign="top"> <a href="/common-name/g9a-ehmt2">G9A</a> Methylation of H3K9 </td> <td valign="top"> LC3, WIPI1 and DOR downregulated </td> <td valign="top"> Reduced autophagy </td> </tr> <tr style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-color:#005f9e; border-width: 1px;"> <td valign="top"> <a href="/myst1">hMOF</a>/<a href="/common-name/sirtuin-1-sirt1">SIRT1</a> axis Acetylation/Deacetylation of H4K16 </td> <td valign="top"> Autophagy related genes induced/ inhibited </td> <td valign="top"> Balance between cell death and survival </td> </tr> <tr style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-color:#005f9e; border-width: 1px;"> <td valign="top"> <a href="/common-name/usp44">USP44</a> deubiquitination of H2B </td> <td valign="top"> Downregulated genes: regulation of NF-κB and biosynthetic process Upregulated genes: innate immunity and polyubiquitination </td> <td valign="top"> Increased autophagy </td> </tr> </table> <br/><br/> <p align="center"> <a href="/research-areas/epigenetics" class="link_button">Explore Epigenetics Research Area</a> </p> </div> </div> </div>

Resources

Protocols & FAQs LC3 WB LC3 ICC LC3 IHC ATG5 WB ATG16L1 WB P62/SQSTM1 WB ICC/IF and WB Protocols for Tat-Beclin 1 FAQs- Autophagy and LC3 Videos Tat-D11 Autophagy Inducing Peptide Blogs and Interviews Autophagy Blogs Autophagy Expert Interviews

Handbooks and Posters Autophagy Handbook Apoptosis, Necroptosis & Autophagy Poster AKT Signaling Pathway Whitepapers Autophagy Inducing Peptides Autophagy in Neurodegenerative Diseases Other Useful Resources FAQs (Antibodies, Techniques & Research Areas) WB, ICC & IHC Handbooks Immunoassay Protocols & Troubleshooting Guides Chromatin Immunoprecipitation– Struggles and Solutions ChromataChIP Kit ChIP Protocol Modified Histone Map Poster Epi-Plus Antibodies

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Inducers and Inhibitors

Autophagy Inducers and Inhibitors Small molecules able to inhibit or induce autophagic activity provide a mechanism to modulate and study autophagy at the single cell and organismal level. In contrast to genetic models, pharmacological agents allow temporal and dose control. Moreover, often the effects of autophagy modulating agents are reversible. For animal model systems, targeted delivery of small molecules-autophagy modulators to specific organs and tissues may represent a significant advantage.

Small Molecule Modulators Mode of Action 3-Methyladenine AMPK inhibitor (±)-Bay K 8644 L-type Ca2+ channel activator Spautin 1 USP10 and USP13 inhibitor LY 294002*, Wortmannin* VPS34 inhibitor MRT 67307, MRT 68921 ULK inhibitor Simvastatin*, A 769662* AMPK activator Rapamycin*, Torins (1 and 2) Everolimus, PI 103 mTOR inhibitor Dexamethasone Anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid; may act via mTOR pathway L-690,330 Inositol monophosphatase inhibitor; independent of mTOR inhibition Dorsomorphin AMPK inhibition-independent A23187 free acid*, Brefeldin A* Thapsigargin*, Tunicamycin* Causes ER stress Amiodarone Causes mitochondrial fragmentation and cell death GF 109203X Protein kinase C inhibitor NF 449* Highly selective P2X1 antagonist; Gsα-selective antagonist Perifosine PKB/AKT inhibitor

*Commonly used modulators. Autophagy modulators available at Tocris: http://ift.tt/2qFKGiP

Specific Induction of Autophagy: Autophagy Inducing peptides

Explore Autophagy Signaling

Effects of glyphosate on early life stages: comparison between Cyprinus carpio and Danio rerio

Abstract

Glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine) is an active substance of many herbicides. According to literature studies, glyphosate residues and their metabolites have been commonly detected in surface waters and toxicological reports confirmed negative effects on living organisms. In this study, the acute embryo toxicity of glyphosate into two different fish species—common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and zebrafish (Danio rerio)—was investigated. Lethal endpoints, development disorder, and, in addition, other sublethal endpoints such as hatching rate, formation of somites, and development of eyes, spontaneous movement, heartbeat/blood circulation, pigmentation, and edema were recorded to indicate the mode of action of the toxic compound. Hatching retardation (p < 0.05) was observed in experimental groups of common carp exposed to glyphosate with significant statistical difference especially at the highest concentration after 72, 96, and 120 hpf. The significantly highest cumulative mortality at concentration of 50 mg/l was observed. In contrast, hatching stimulation was observed in embryos of zebrafish exposed to the highest concentration of glyphosate. The significantly highest cumulative mortality for zebrafish was observed only at concentration of 50 mg/l. Based on our results, early life stages of common carp are more sensitive in comparison to zebrafish to the toxic action of glyphosate.

Use of non-living lyophilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium cultivated in various media for phenol removal

Abstract

The biosorption of phenol on non-living lyophilized mycelial pellets of Phanerochaete chrysosporium cultivated in liquid medium of various compositions was studied in batch biosorption system. The fungal cell surfaces were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy and specific surface charge determination. The sorption kinetics and equilibrium were evaluated using linear and non-linear regression. For adsorption equilibrium, a comparative evaluation is also presented using non-linear least-square estimation and linearization of the Langmuir and anti-Langmuir equations. The presence of mineral and vitamin materials in the liquid medium enhanced the adsorption capacity of fungal biomass for phenol. At optimum pH 5–6, the values of specific surface charge were 0.023 and 0.069 meq g⁻¹ for various cultivations, and the maximum amounts of phenol can be adsorbed at these pH values. The maximum adsorbed phenol amounts by cells cultivated in simple and complex media were 4.53 and 13.48 mg g⁻¹, respectively, at an initial phenol concentration of 100 mg l⁻¹.

Graphical abstract

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Water and nitrate dynamics in safflower field lysimeters under different irrigation strategies, planting methods, and nitrogen fertilization and application of HYDRUS-1D model

Abstract

World recent concerns about the shortage of water resources and contamination of groundwater supplies have motivated scientists seeking for more efficient techniques in irrigation and fertilization of farms while taking the advantage of models. The objective of this study is to address how water and nitrogen (N) dynamics are affected by efficient management strategies and to evaluate the application of HYDRUS-1D model in these conditions. In terms of using management policies, different irrigation strategies, planting methods, and different N fertilization rates applied on safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) in volumetric field lysimeters. The irrigation regimes were ordinary furrow irrigation (OFI) and variable alternate furrow irrigation (VAFI) as a partial root drying (PRD) technique. The planting methods were on-ridge planting (P1) and in-furrow planting (P2) methods. The fertilizer levels were 0 (N0), 100 (N1), and 200 (N2) kg ha⁻¹ of urea as 0, 46, and 92 kg N ha⁻¹. Results showed that VAFI regime and in-furrow planting method favorably reduced the amount of drainage water below safflower root zone in comparison with the ordinary methods. Furthermore, VAFI regime satisfactorily decreased the seasonal nitrate (NO₃-N) leaching below the root zone, whereas differences between the leached NO₃-N in in-furrow and on-ridge planting methods were not significant. Moreover, VAFI regime did not show any negative effects on total N uptake in safflower seed and straw, whereas in-furrow planting accumulated higher N in comparison with the on-ridge planting method. In addition, safflower nitrogen (N) uptake was responsive to application of nitrogen, although the rate of increase in N accumulation was not significant between the application rates of 46 and 92 kg N ha⁻¹. The soil nitrate concentration decreased during the growing season indicating that safflower root system has a great ability in absorption of NO₃-N from soil N supplies. HYDRUS-1D model favorably predicted the drainage water, nitrate concentration of drainage water, crop N uptake, and residual soil NO₃-N concentration for safflower field. Therefore, it can be an applicable model for prediction of water and nitrogen dynamics, despite of two-dimensional flow conditions in furrow irrigation. It was concluded that VAFI strategy and in-furrow planting method are suitable alternatives helping farmers produce food while conserving water and preserving the environment.

Treatment for domestic wastewater from university dorms using a hybrid constructed wetland at pilot scale

Abstract

A hybrid constructed wetland (CW) system was operated at pilot scale to evaluate the treatment of domestic wastewater from university dorms in Hubei province, China. The hybrid system consisted of an integrated vertical flow constructed wetland (IVF CW) (a down-flow VF CW and an up-flow VF CW) and a horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland (HSF CW). The influent for the hybrid CW containing chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), and ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N) with mean concentrations of 152, 0.75, 18.9, and 8.9 mg L⁻¹, respectively, was purified by the hybrid CW system to achieve mean removal efficiencies of 59.0% COD, 82.8% TP, 57.7% TN, and 79.2% NH₄⁺-N over a 9-month period. The nitrification intensity of the media in the down-flow VF CW was the highest compared to the other CWs, whereas the denitrification intensity of the media in the HSF CW was significantly higher than the IVF CW. The abundance of nitrifying bacteria in the media of the IVF CW was higher than in the HSF CW, while a higher abundance of denitrifying bacteria was found in the HSF CW compared to the IVF CW, suggesting that the HSF CW was more suitable for the growth of denitrifying bacteria.

Art or Science? An Evidence-Based Approach to Human Facial Beauty a Quantitative Analysis Towards an Informed Clinical Aesthetic Practice

Abstract

Background

Patients often seek guidance from the aesthetic practitioners regarding treatments to enhance their 'beauty'. Is there a science behind the art of assessment and if so is it measurable? Through the centuries, this question has challenged scholars, artists and surgeons.

Aims and Objectives

This study aims to undertake a review of the evidence behind quantitative facial measurements in assessing beauty to help the practitioner in everyday aesthetic practice.

Methods

A Medline, Embase search for beauty, facial features and quantitative analysis was undertaken.

Selection Criteria

Inclusion criteria were studies on adults, and exclusions included studies undertaken for dental, cleft lip, oncology, burns or reconstructive surgeries. The abstracts and papers were appraised, and further studies excluded that were considered inappropriate. The data were extracted using a standardised table. The final dataset was appraised in accordance with the PRISMA checklist and Holland and Rees' critique tools.

Results

Of the 1253 studies screened, 1139 were excluded from abstracts and a further 70 excluded from full text articles. The remaining 44 were assessed qualitatively and quantitatively. It became evident that the datasets were not comparable. Nevertheless, common themes were obvious, and these were summarised.

Conclusion

Despite measures of the beauty of individual components to the sum of all the parts, such as symmetry and the golden ratio, we are yet far from establishing what truly constitutes quantitative beauty. Perhaps beauty is truly in the 'eyes of the beholder' (and perhaps in the eyes of the subject too).

Level of Evidence V

This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors http://ift.tt/18t7xNj.

Commentary on: Dorsal Preservation: The Push Down Technique Reassessed

Some time ago, in 2010, I was visiting my esteemed colleague and friend, the great Mexican functional rhinologist and cosmetic rhinoplasty surgeon, Dr Fausto Lopez Infante (1935-2013). I asked him how often he performed dorsal preservation procedures in rhinoplasty such as the push down or let down operations. He paused for not more than a blink and earnestly stated, "For the first 10 years of practice I did the Push Down; the next 10 years I chiseled off the dorsum. What do you think I did for this last 10 years?" As I remember that instant in time, I said, "You returned to the push down or let down." "Exactly," he replied, "because I loved the smooth dorsum and avoiding the postoperative disrupted K-area with the attendant dorsal irregularities. And of course, I did not like the infracture needed to close the open roof that at times narrowed the nasal valve angle and area producing postoperative breathing disturbances."

Dorsal Preservation: The Push Down Technique Reassessed

Abstract

Management of the nasal dorsum remains a challenge in rhinoplasty surgery. Currently, the majority of reduction rhinoplasties results in destruction of the keystone area (K-area), which requires reconstruction with either spreader grafts or spreader flaps, both for aesthetic and functional reasons. This article will present the senior author's current operative technique for dorsal preservation in reduction rhinoplasty based on 320 clinical cases performed over a 5-year period. The author's operative technique is as follows: (1) endonasal approach; (2) removal of a septal strip in the subdorsal area whose shape and height were determined preoperatively; (3) complete lateral, transverse, and radix osteotomies; and (4) dorsal reduction utilizing either a push down operation (PDO) or a let down operation (LDO). The PDO consists of downward impaction of the fully mobilized nasal pyramid and is utilized in patients with smaller humps (<4 mm). The LDO consists of a maxillary wedge resection and is performed in patients who need more than 4 mm of lowering. A total of 320 patients had a dorsal preservation operation (DPO). Postoperatively, there were no dorsal irregularities nor inverted-V deformities. Among our 44 personal revision cases, 27 patients (8.74%) had had a previous DPO, 16 of whom required tip revisions with no further dorsal surgery. Of the remaining 11 patients, the main problems were either hump recurrence and/or lateral deviation of the dorsum or widening of the middle third, which required simple surgical revision. Based on the authors' experience, adoption of a PDO/LDO is justified in selected primary patients. The key question before any primary rhinoplasty procedure should be "Can I keep the nasal dorsum intact?" Precise analysis and surgical execution are required to preserve the dorsal osseocartilaginous vault and K-area. Dorsal preservation results in more natural postoperative dorsum lines and a "not operated" aspect without the need for midvault reconstruction. Moreover, this technique is quick and easy to perform by any rhinoplasty surgeon. Rhinoplasty surgeons should consider incorporating dorsal preservation techniques in their surgical armamentarium rather than relying solely on the Joseph reduction method or an open structure rhinoplasty.

Level of Evidence: 4

The Preservation Rhinoplasty: A New Rhinoplasty Revolution

Rhinoplasty surgery tends to evolve in generational epochs often associated with landmark publications and the simultaneous popularization of revolutionary surgical techniques. In 1978, Sheen published his monumental text Aesthetic Rhinoplasty which confirmed his status as the greatest rhinoplasty surgeon since Joseph.¹ Three critical concepts were summarized. First, rhinoplasty became a truly aesthetic operation which included preoperative analysis, operative planning, and surgical execution. Second, the reduction-only concept of Joseph was replaced with a balanced approach combining reduction and grafting in primary rhinoplasty. Third, the previously dismal results for secondary rhinoplasty were dramatically improved. Suddenly, the mark of a great rhinoplasty surgeon was no longer how quickly one could do a "nose job," but rather the achievement of an attractive natural nose with normal function.

Polar extract of Curcuma longa protects cartilage homeostasis: possible mechanism of action

Abstract

Background

Curcuma longa has been well documented for managing joint inflammation and pain. The present study investigated the effect of polar extract of C. longa (NR-INF-02) on cartilage homeostasis in human articular chondrocytes knee (NHAC-kn) cells to understand its plausible mechanism of action.

Methods

Dysregulation of cartilage homeostasis was induced by IL-1β and H₂O₂. Modulating effects of NR-INF-02 on degradation markers viz., chondrocyte apoptosis, senescence, cytokine, eicosanoids, and cartilage synthesis markers viz., glycosaminoglycans and type II collagen degradation was evaluated in human articular chondrocytes knee (NHAC-kn) cells. Further, the effect of NR-INF-02 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression of NF-kB in RAW264.7 macrophages was investigated.

Results

NR-INF-02 significantly attenuated IL-1β-induced chondrocyte cytotoxicity, apoptosis and release of chondrocyte degradation markers such as IL-6, IL-8, COX-2, PGE₂, TNF-α, ICAM-1 in NHAC-kn cells. Also, NR-INF-02 protected IL-1β-induced damage to synthesis markers such as glycosaminoglycans, type II collagen and further attenuated H₂O₂-induced chondrocyte senescence. In addition NR-INF-02 suppressed LPS-induced NF-kB expression in RAW264.7 cells.

Conclusions

NR-INF-02 protects cartilage homeostasis by maintaining the balance between synthesis and degradation of cartilage matrix.

Comparison of Xiphophorus and Human Melanoma Transcriptomes Reveals Conserved Pathway Interactions

Abstract

Comparative analysis of human and animal model melanomas can uncover conserved pathways and genetic changes that are relevant for the biology of cancer cells. Spontaneous melanoma in Xiphophorus interspecies backcross hybrid progeny may be informative in identifying genes and functional pathways that are similarly related to melanoma development in all vertebrates, including humans. To assess functional pathways involved in the Xiphophorus melanoma, we performed gene expression profiling of the melanomas produced in interspecies BC₁ and successive backcross generations (i.e., BC₅) of the cross: X. hellerii × [X. maculatus Jp 163 A × X. hellerii]. Using RNA-Seq we identified genes that are transcriptionally co-expressed with the driver oncogene, xmrk. We determined functional pathways in the fish melanoma that are also present in human melanoma cohorts that may be related to dedifferentiation based on the expression levels of pigmentation genes. Shared pathways between human and Xiphophorus melanomas are related to inflammation, cell migration, cell proliferation, pigmentation, cancer development and metastasis. Our results suggest xmrk co-expressed genes are associated with dedifferentiation, and highlight these signaling pathways as playing important roles in melanomagenesis.

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Paediatric solar urticaria: A case series

Solar urticaria (SU) is a rare photodermatosis occurring in response to exposure to ultraviolet–A (UVA), ultraviolet-B (UVB), visible and rarely infrared light. The condition typically affects adults (median age of onset 35 years),¹ with only one report of SU occurring in a 2-year-old.² Here we present five cases of SU occurring in childhood.

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Health-Related Quality of Life in adolescents with psoriasis: an interview-based study

Abstract

Background

Psoriasis is a common skin disease affecting the physical, psychological and social well-being of patients and their families. Most research so far has been limited to adults, and little is known about the qualitative experiences of young people with psoriasis.

Objectives

To provide an in-depth understanding of the impact of psoriasis on adolescents' Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL).

Methods

Patients and their parents were recruited from a dermatology outpatient clinic, the Danish National Birth Cohort, and the Danish Psoriasis Association. A total of 36 semi-structured interviews were conducted with adolescents with psoriasis 12-17 years old (n=18), their parents (n=14) and health professionals working with psoriasis (n=4). Interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed using inductive thematic analysis.

Results

The participants reported psoriasis-related HRQoL challenges within six main themes: physical symptoms, feeling different, psoriasis-related worry about the future, increased attention, attempts to conceal skin, and treatment-related frustrations and worry. Taken together, a broad range of the reported difficulties appeared to arise from appearance-related concerns. The impact of psoriasis and its treatment on the adolescents' daily lives varied considerably.

Conclusions

This first in-depth, qualitative study of HRQoL in adolescents with psoriasis provides a conceptual framework for understanding the impact of psoriasis and its treatment on physical, psychological and social aspects of their daily life.

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Functional analysis of arginine decarboxylase gene speA of Bacteroides dorei by markerless gene deletion

Abstract

Polyamine concentrations in the intestine are regulated by their biosynthesis by hundreds of gut microbial species and these polyamines are involved in host health and disease. However, polyamine biosynthesis has not been sufficiently analyzed in major members of the human gut microbiota, possibly owing to a lack of gene manipulation systems. In this study, we successfully performed markerless gene deletion in Bacteroides dorei, one of the major members of the human gut microbiota. The combination of a thymidine kinase gene (tdk) deletion mutant and a counter-selection marker tdk, which has been applied in other Bacteroides species, was used for the markerless gene deletion. Deletion of tdk in B. dorei caused 5-fluoro-2΄-deoxyuridine resistance, suggesting the utility of B. dorei Δtdk as the host for future markerless gene deletions. Compared to parental strains, an arginine decarboxylase gene (speA) deletion mutant generated in this system showed a severe growth defect and decreased concentration of spermidine in the cells and culture supernatant. Collectively, our results indicate the accessibility of gene deletion and the important role of speA in polyamine biosynthesis in B. dorei.

The effect of isabelin, a sesquiterpene lactone from Ambrosiaartemisiifolia, on soil microorganisms and human pathogens.

Abstract

Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. (common ragweed) is an invasive weed, well-known for the strong allergenic effect of its pollen, as well as for its invasiveness and impact in crop fields (e.g. causing yield losses). This species produces a broad range of sesquiterpenoids. In recent years, new bioactive molecules have been discovered in this plant, e.g. isabelin, a sesquiterpene dilactone. The bioactivity of isabelin has been already demonstrated on allergy-related receptors and its inhibitory effect on seeds of various plant species. Isabelin was tested for potential antimicrobial effects by using a selection of soil-borne bacteria and fungi and three human pathogens as model organisms. For the majority of microorganisms tested, no antimicrobial activity of isabelin was observed. However, isabelin revealed strong antimicrobial activity against the Gram-positive soil bacterium Paenibacillus sp. and against the Gram-positive, multi-drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The observed inhibitory activity of isabelin can enlighten the importance to study similar compounds for their effect on human pathogens and on soil and rhizosphere microorganisms.

Probiotic potency of Lactobacillus plantarum KX519413 and KX519414 isolated from Honey bee gut

Abstract

The Indian honey bee-Apis cerana indica, which harbors an abundant and diverse range of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in their gut with beneficial effects was used as the source for the isolation of LAB. In the present study, two LAB isolates from honey bee gut were selected primarily based on their phenotypic and selective biochemical characterization, further PCR and identified using 16S rRNA sequencing as Lactobacillus plantarum and were registered in National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) under accession number KX519413 and KX519414. The probiotic potency of test strains indicated their survivability at acidic pH, bile salts and viability in simulated gastric juice enabling them to withstand gastrointestinal tract conditions. Evaluation of cell surface properties suggested that they possess an important defense mechanism against the pathogen since they are hydrophobic, auto-aggregative and have co-aggregative ability. Further, efficient exopolysaccharide production by them indicate not only their ability to enrich biofilm formation and auto-aggregation, but also enhance bacterial adhesion and colonization on the host intestinal tract. The present study concluded that L. plantarum from the gut of Apis cerana indica possess probiotic potency, and potential candidates for use as food besides application in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries.

Identification of a consensus motif in Erg28p required for C-4 demethylation in yeast ergosterol biosynthesis based on mutation analysis

Abstract

The Erg28p protein is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where it acts as a scaffold to tether the C-4 demethylase complex involved in the sterol biosynthesis pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, due to the challenges involved in characterizing the interactions of membrane proteins, the precise region of Erg28p that is responsible for the assembly of this enzyme complex remains unknown. To address this question, mutants with serial truncations in the C-terminus of Erg28p were constructed based on a topology prediction of its transmembrane domain. Sterol profiles demonstrated that intermediates involve in the stepwise removal of the two C-4 methyl groups from the tetracyclic sterol ring were accumulated in the ERG28Δ135–447 strain. Homologous alignment of Erg28p further identified a highly conserved 10-amino acid sequence (63LS/QARTFGT/LWT72) within the truncated region of ERG28Δ136–273. Complementation of the BY4741/erg28 strain with the ScERG28Δ175–204 plasmid resulted both in a significant growth inhibition and a reduction of ergosterol biosynthesis compared with the plasmid without the Δ175–204 truncation. Furthermore, homology modeling of the Erg28p mutant indicated that the deletion of residues 63–72 significantly disrupted the three-dimensional structure of the four parallel helices in Erg28p. Taken together, the data indicate that the region spanning amino acids 63–72 constitutes a key consensus motif within Erg28p that is required for sterol C-4 demethylation during ergosterol biosynthesis in S. cerevisiae.

Worldwide perspective of biosimilars for psoriasis

Linked Article: Cohen et al. Br J Dermatol 2017; 177:1495–1502.

Image Gallery: Metachronic occurrence of primary cutaneous marginal zone B-cell lymphoma and primary cutaneous Rosai–Dorfman disease in the same patient

Considering the role of health economics in pyoderma gangrenosum and other dermatology research

Linked Article: Mason et al. Br J Dermatol 2017; 177:1527–1536.

Image Gallery: Hyperkeratotic hypersensitivity reaction to red pigment tattoo

Ultrasonography, a useful tool for detecting tumour ‘pseudoprogression’

Linked Article: Imafuku et al. Br J Dermatol 2017; 177:1726–1731.

Characterization of actinic lentigos using a multifaceted approach

Linked Article: Warrick et al. Br J Dermatol 2017; 177:1619–1632.

At its best, peer review is wonderful to behold

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Oncogenes and morphogens: intricacies of targeted therapy in cutaneous basal cell carcinoma

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Big data in small diseases: the case of necrotizing soft-tissue infections

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B1 and B2: a role for ephrin signalling in port-wine stain

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Location of oral lesions predicts treatment resistance in pemphigus vulgaris

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Plain language summaries in Simplified Chinese

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Advancing paediatric psoriasis treatment options for children

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Exploiting rhizosphere microbial cooperation for developing sustainable agriculture strategies

Abstract

The rhizosphere hosts a considerable microbial community. Among that community, bacteria called plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can promote plant growth and defense against diseases using diverse distinct plant-beneficial functions. Crop inoculation with PGPR could allow to reduce the use of pesticides and fertilizers in agrosystems. However, microbial crop protection and growth stimulation would be more efficient if cooperation between rhizosphere bacterial populations was taken into account when developing biocontrol agents and biostimulants. Rhizospheric bacteria live in multi-species biofilms formed all along the root surface or sometimes inside the plants (i.e., endophyte). PGPR cooperate with their host plants and also with other microbial populations inside biofilms. These interactions are mediated by a large diversity of microbial metabolites and physical signals that trigger cell–cell communication and appropriate responses. A better understanding of bacterial behavior and microbial cooperation in the rhizosphere could allow for a more successful use of bacteria in sustainable agriculture. This review presents an ecological view of microbial cooperation in agrosystems and lays the emphasis on the main microbial metabolites involved in microbial cooperation, plant health protection, and plant growth stimulation. Eco-friendly inoculant consortia that will foster microbe–microbe and microbe–plant cooperation can be developed to promote crop growth and restore biodiversity and functions lost in agrosystems.