Elytra Absorb Ultraviolet Radiation but Transmit Infrared Radiation in Neotropical Canthon Species (Coleoptera, Scarabaeinae)

Abstract

Strategies to deal with global radiation may be related to important aspects of species biology and ecology by reflecting, transmitting or absorbing the radiation of varying wavelengths differently. The elytra capacity to manage infrared, visible and ultraviolet radiations (from 185 to 1400 nm) was assessed with a spectrophotometric analysis in five Canthon species of dung beetles; we calculated the reflectance, transmittance, and absorbance capacity of the elytra of these species. These species have different ecologies: two species preferentially inhabit forest areas (Canthon angularis and Canthon lividus lividus), two species preferentially inhabit open areas (Canthon chalybaeus and Canthon tetraodon) including agricultural crops, and one species does not present a clear habitat preference and can be found in both habitats (Canthon quinquemaculatus). All the species show a similar pattern in which the light from shorter wavelengths and higher frequencies is almost entirely absorbed by the elytra, while radiation from longer wavelengths and lower frequencies can mostly pass through the elytra. However, C. quinquemaculatus seems to have significantly higher rates of reflectance and transmittance in the visible and near-infrared spectrum. This different pattern found in C. quinquemaculatus may be associated with its capacity to establish populations both in agricultural and forest areas.

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Visualization of viscoelastic behavior in skin equivalent using optical coherence tomography-based straingraphy

Abstract

Background/Purpose

The relationships between the skin components and these mechanical roles are still unclear. To clarify these relationships, we investigated spatial mapping of the mechanical behavior of cultured skin equivalents (SEs) using optical coherence tomography (OCT)-based straingraphy.

Methods

We built a strain relaxation test system combined with OCT and developed an algorithm that could visualize a time-dependent strain distribution, named dynamic-optical coherence straingraphy (D-OCSA). Using this system, we analyzed how the spatial mechanical changes in the SEs depended on the culture duration. For quantitative analysis of viscoelastic behavior, we defined a relaxation attenuation coefficient of strain rate, which indicates the ratio of viscosity and elasticity in the Klevin-Voight model.

Results

By culturing for 4 days in comparison to culturing for 1 day, the strain relaxation attenuation coefficient of the whole skin, especially at the region of the dermal-epidermal junction (DEJ), significantly increased in the negative direction. In tissue slices taken for microscopy, several cracks were observed in the SEs cultured for 4 days.

Conclusion

This study is the first to provide quantified evidence that the DEJ is a dynamically specialized region. An OCT-based straingraphy system (D-OCSA) would be beneficial for evaluating the quality of SEs, as well as functional analysis of their mechanics.

Wrinkle and roughness measurement by the Antera 3D and its application for evaluation of cosmetic products

Abstract

Background

Skin topographic measurements are of paramount importance in the field of dermo-cosmetic evaluation. The aim of this study was to investigate how the Antera 3D, a multi-purpose handheld camera, correlates with other topographic techniques and changes in skin topography following the use of a cosmetic product.

Methods

Skin topographic measurements were collected on 26 female volunteers aged 45-70 years with the Antera 3D, the DermaTOP and image analysis on parallel-polarized pictures. Different filters for analysis from the Antera 3D were investigated for repeatability, correlations with other imaging techniques and ability to detect improvements of skin topography following application of a serum.

Results

Most of Antera 3D parameters were found to be strongly correlated with the DermaTOP parameters. No association was found between the Antera 3D parameters and measurements on parallel-polarized photographs. The measurements repeatability was comparable among the different filters for analysis, with the exception of wrinkle max depth and roughness Rt. Following a single application of a tightening serum, both Antera 3D wrinkles and texture parameters were able to record significant improvements, with the best improvements observed with the large filter.

Conclusion

The Antera 3D demonstrated its relevance for cosmetic product evaluation. We also provide recommendations for the analysis based on our findings.

A profile of Propionibacterium acnes resistance and sensitivity at a tertiary dermatological centre in Singapore

Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) is a key component in the pathogenesis of acne. Both topical and oral antibiotics are key therapeutic options. Unfortunately, antibiotic resistance is rapidly increasing globally. Many countries have reported greater than 50% of P.acnes strains acquiring resistance to topical macrolides^1-3. In Singapore, antibiotic resistance rates of 8% in 1999⁴ rising to 14.9%⁵ in 2007 were reported. We aimed to update the local prevalence of antibiotic resistance and identify features which may distinguish patients demonstrating antibiotic resistance from those who are pan-sensitive.

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Pulsed-dye laser therapy for carcinoma in situ of the penis

Carcinoma in situ (CIS) of the penis is a precancerous condition with a 5 to 10% risk for progression into an invasive penile squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)¹. Clinical variants of genital CIS encompass bowenoid papulosis, erythroplasia of Queyrat and Bowen's disease. Treatment options of penile CIS include topical application of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) or imiquimod, photodynamic therapy (PDT), ablative laser therapy, cryotherapy and surgery² .

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Omalizumab updosing allows disease activity control in refractory patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria

Omalizumab has been shown to be a very effective drug in chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) improving patients' quality of life.¹ Phase III clinical trials ASTERIA I/II and GLACIAL showed respectively 58.8-52.4% of patients achieving a twice daily average Urticaria Activity Score 7 (UAS7td)≤6 at week 12.² Outside of clinical trials, the response varies between 77-83%.³ However, some patients do not achieve well-controlled activity of the disease with the licensed dose of omalizumab (300mg/4 weeks).

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Dermoscopic features of pilar leiomyomas

Cutaneous pilar leiomyomas are benign smooth muscle neoplasms that usually present as painful firm erythematous to brown coloured papules and nodules.¹ Dermoscopy has been used as an auxiliary tool in the diagnosis of various cutaneous tumors. Herein we report the various dermoscopic features of 48 cutaneous pilar leiomyomas in five patients.

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

A synergetic biomineralization strategy for immobilizing strontium during calcification of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi

Abstract

The coccolithophore species Emiliania huxleyi has one of the most global distributions in the modern oceans. They are characteristically covered with calcite scales called coccoliths. In this study, stable strontium immobilization during the calcification process was investigated to indirectly assess a proposed bioremediation approach for removing Sr²⁺ contamination from marine environments. Results indicate that E. huxleyi has high Sr²⁺ tolerance and removal efficiency in response to Sr²⁺ stress ranging from 5.6 to 105.6 ppm. Sr²⁺ immobilization during E. huxleyi calcification indicates a concentration-dependent synergistic mechanism. At lower concentrations of Sr²⁺ (25.6 ppm), Sr²⁺ is incorporated into coccoliths through competitive supply between Sr²⁺ and Ca²⁺. In addition, calcite productivity decreases with increased Sr²⁺ removal efficiency due to crystallographic transformation of coccoliths from hydrated calcite into aragonite at 55.6 ppm Sr²⁺. Further formation of strontianite at 105.6 ppm Sr²⁺ is due to precipitation of Sr²⁺ on the edge of the rims and radial arrays of the coccoliths. Our study implies that coccolithophores are capable of significant removal of Sr²⁺ from the marine environment.

Effects of Personal Protective Equipment Use and Good Workplace Hygiene on Symptoms of Neurotoxicity in Solvent-Exposed Vehicle Spray Painters

Abstract

Objectives

To assess the association between the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and good workplace hygiene and symptoms of neurotoxicity in solvent-exposed vehicle spray painters.

Methods

Exposure control measures including PPE-use and workplace hygiene practices and symptoms of neurotoxicity were assessed in 267 vehicle repair spray painters. Symptoms were assessed using an adapted version of the EUROQUEST Questionnaire.

Results

Frequent respirator and glove use was inversely and significantly associated with symptoms of neurotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05 for trend) with the strongest protective effect found for consistent glove use (odds ratios [OR] 0.1–0.2, P < 0.01, for reporting ≥10 and ≥5 symptoms). A clear dose–response trend was also observed when combining frequency of respirator and glove use (P < 0.05 for reporting ≥5 and ≥10 symptoms), with an overall reduction in risk of 90% (OR, 0.1, P < 0.01) for those who consistently used both types of PPE. Protective effects were most pronounced for the symptom domains of psychosomatic (P < 0.05 for trend, for combined PPE use), mood (P < 0.05), and memory and concentration symptoms combined (P < 0.05), with reductions in risk of >80%. Poor hygiene workplace practices, such as solvent exposure to multiple body parts (OR 3.4, P = 0.11 for reporting ≥10 symptoms), were associated with an increased risk of symptoms. When using a general workplace hygiene score derived from a combination of PPE-use and (good) workplace practice factors an inverse and significant dose–response trend was observed for reporting ≥5 (P < 0.01) and ≥10 symptoms (P < 0.01).

Conclusions

This study has shown that PPE-use and good workplace hygiene are associated with a strongly reduced risk of symptoms of neurotoxicity in solvent-exposed vehicle spray painters.

Autologous Fat Graft for the Treatment of Sighted Posttraumatic Enophthalmos and Sunken Upper Eyelid

Purpose: The treatment of enophthalmos and sunken upper eyelid is challenging. Although autologous fat graft has been widely used in breast augmentation, buttock contouring, and facial rejuvenation, its application in enophthalmos and sunken upper eyelid is not yet widely utilized. The clinical safety and value of autologous fat graft in sighted patients with enophthalmos and sunken upper eyelid are unclear. This study retrospectively analyzed the cosmetic results and safety of autologous fat graft in the correction of sighted traumatic enophthalmos and sunken upper eyelid. Methods: Autologous fat graft was performed in 9 patients with posttraumatic enophthalmos and sunken upper eyelid. The visual acuity, orbital swelling, eye movement, enophthalmos, and sunken upper eyelid were observed. Results: Eight to 24 months after autologous fat graft, enophthalmos and sunken upper eyelid in 9 patients improved significantly. Although orbital swelling occurred in the early postoperative period, no vision loss, eye movement limitation, or fat embolism had occurred. Conclusion: Autologous fat graft is an effective, predictable, scarless, and minimally invasive surgery for the correction of the sighted posttraumatic enophthalmos and sunken upper eyelid. The possible risk of fat embolization and blindness from the compression of the optic nerve should not be neglected. Further studies and more cases must be performed. Accepted for publication October 14, 2017. Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, No. 2015CB554100), National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81271035/H1205), and Foundation for Returned Personals Studying Abroad from Human Resources Department of Sichuan Province in 2015, People's Republic of China. HC, QZ, and QQ are co-first authors. The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Hui Chen, M.D., Ophthalmology Department, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, No. 32, 1st Ring Road, 2nd West Section, Chengdu City, Sichuan 610072, People's Republic of China. E-mail: 540685790@qq.com; Zhenglin Yang, Ph.D., Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, No. 32, 1st Ring Road, 2nd West Section, Chengdu City, Sichuan 610072, People's Republic of China. E-mail: zliny@yahoo.com © 2018 by The American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Inc., All rights reserved.

Paracanthal “One-Snip” Decompression in a Cadaver Model of Retrobulbar Hemorrhage

Purpose: The authors assess the effectiveness of a modified paracanthal or "one-snip" procedure compared with the traditional lateral canthotomy and inferior cantholysis in the reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP) and proptosis in a human cadaveric model of retrobulbar hemorrhage. Methods: This study comprised a comparative interventional study in a cadaveric model of retrobulbar hemorrhage. Six orbits of 3 fresh cadavers were included in the study. Baseline measurements of IOP and proptosis were recorded for all 6 orbits before and after simulation of retrobulbar hemorrhage as previously described. Right orbits (n = 3) underwent traditional lateral canthotomy and inferior cantholysis. Left orbits (n = 3) underwent modified paracanthal or "one-snip" procedure. The primary outcome measures were reduction in IOP and proptosis between the 2 techniques. Results: Following lateral canthotomy and inferior cantholysis of each right orbit, the average IOP dropped to 14 mm Hg (range of 11–18 mm Hg), corresponding to a mean decrease of 32 mm Hg. Following the "one-snip" procedure of each left orbit, the average IOP dropped to 19 mm Hg with a range of 16 to 23 mm Hg, corresponding to a mean decrease of 22 mm Hg. There was no statistically significant difference in IOP reduction (p = 0.36) or proptosis reduction (p = 0.23) between the 2 treatment groups. Conclusions: Compared with traditional lateral canthotomy and inferior cantholysis, the modified paracanthal or "one-snip" procedure is effective for IOP reduction and led to mild improvement of proptosis in a cadaveric model of retrobulbar hemorrhage. The authors hope this study helps improve orbital compartment syndrome outcomes by providing an option that more providers will feel comfortable performing and therefore decreasing time to surgical decompression. Accepted for publication September 28, 2017. Supported in part by the NIH-NEI P30 Core Grant (IP30EY025585-01A1) and Unrestricted Grant from The Research to Prevent Blindness, Inc., awarded to the Cole Eye Institute. The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose. Correspondence address and reprint requests to Alexander D. Blandford, M.D., Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Desk i-13, Cleveland, OH 44195. E-mail: blandfa@ccf.org © 2018 by The American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Inc., All rights reserved.

Deep Orbital Sub-Q Hyaluronic Acid Filler Injection for Enophthalmic Sighted Eyes in Parry–Romberg Syndrome

Purpose: The authors present a consecutive series of deep orbital Sub-Q injections to treat enophthalmic sighted eyes in Parry–Romberg syndrome patients. Methods: Retrospective, interventional case series in 2 centers. Data were collected on patient demographics, Parry–Romberg syndrome onset age, previous orbital and eyelid surgeries, diplopia, ocular movement restriction before and after the injection, number of injections, interval between injections, indication for any top-up or dissolution of filler, and any other complications. In all cases, the hyaluronic acid gel used was Restylane Sub-Q + Lidocaine. Results: A total of 8 injections on 3 patients with Parry–Romberg syndrome, and significant enophthalmos is reported. All injections were with deep orbital Sub-Q filler. All patients were females, aged 32, 24, and 52 years old while their symptoms started at 15, 16, and 30 years old, respectively. None had orbital surgery prior to the injection. Follow up period was 2, 7, and 5 years respectively. All presented a significant enophthalmos of 4 mm which reduced to 1 mm after the injection, and duration effect was 18, 24, and 20 months, respectively. We observed a significant improvement in enophthalmos, lagophthalmos, exposure keratopathy, and even ocular motility. Lagophthalmos improved from 1, 4, and 7 mm to 0, 1, and 2 mm post injection. Ocular motility improved with no onset of new limitation or diplopia. Lower eyelid retraction increased in 1 patient after orbital injection. No other complications occurred. Conclusions: Deep orbital Sub-Q hyaluronic injection for treatment of enophthalmos in Parry–Romberg syndrome is an useful option in sighted eyes. Accepted for publication November 16, 2017. Case 1 was presented at DOG (German Ophthalmological Society), Berlin, 2015. The authors have no financial or conflicts of interest to disclose. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Raman Malhotra, Corneoplastic Unit, Queen Victoria Hospital, East Grinstead, West Sussex, RH19 3DZ, United Kingdom. E-mail: raman.malhotra@qvh.nhs.uk © 2018 by The American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Inc., All rights reserved.

Improving Outcomes of Posterior Approach Levatorpexy for Congenital Ptosis With Reduced Levator Function

Purpose: The authors present a new series of our experience using posterior approach levatorpexy for congenital ptosis with poorer levator function (LF) in comparison with our first published report. This technique avoids a skin incision or any resection in addition to no excision of tissue. Methods: A consecutive series of 16 patients. Retrospective review of levatorpexy for congenital ptosis. Data included eyelid margin reflex distance 1, pretarsal show, contour, and complications, including nocturnal lagophthalmos, eyelid lag on downgaze, and dry eye. Surgery was considered successful if the following 4 criteria were simultaneously met: a postoperative margin reflex distance 1 of ≥2 mm and ≤4.5 mm, intereyelid height asymmetry of ≤1 mm, no overcorrection compare to opposite eye, and satisfactory eyelid contour. Results: Mean age was 10.3 years (range 1–26 years). Mean LF was 7.3 mm (2–14 mm), while 66% (12) had LF ≤7 mm. Preoperative phenylephrine test was positive in 87.5% of patients. Mean preoperative and postoperative margin reflex distance 1 was 1.34 mm and 3.2 mm, respectively. Fourteen patients (87%) achieved the desired eyelid height and fulfilled our criteria set of success. Among 10 patients with LF ≤7 mm, 9 (90%) achieved the desired eyelid height and fulfilled our criteria set of success. Ninety-four percent did not report nocturnal lagophthalmos. Three patients needed a further levatorpexy procedure due to undercorrection. Mean postoperative follow up was up 11.2 (range 6–36) months. Conclusions: Posterior approach levatorpexy is an useful first-line choice for congenital ptosis for all ranges of LF. It is popular among parents due to its avoidance of a skin incision or any resection or excision of tissue. Accepted for publication November 18, 2017. Presented at European Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery in Athens, Greece, September 15, 2016. The authors have no financial or conflicts of interest to disclose. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Raman Malhotra, Corneoplastic Unit, Queen Victoria Hospital, East Grinstead, West Sussex, RH19 3DZ, United Kingdom. E-mail: raman.malhotra@qvh.nhs.uk © 2018 by The American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Inc., All rights reserved.

Experimental study of sector and linear array ultrasound accuracy and the influence of navigated 3D-reconstruction as compared to MRI in a brain tumor model

Abstract

Purpose

Currently, intraoperative ultrasound in brain tumor surgery is a rapidly propagating option in imaging technology. We examined the accuracy and resolution limits of different ultrasound probes and the influence of 3D-reconstruction in a phantom and compared these results to MRI in an intraoperative setting (iMRI).

Methods

An agarose gel phantom with predefined gel targets was examined with iMRI, a sector (SUS) and a linear (LUS) array probe with two-dimensional images. Additionally, 3D-reconstructed sweeps in perpendicular directions were made of every target with both probes, resulting in 392 measurements. Statistical calculations were performed, and comparative boxplots were generated.

Results

Every measurement of iMRI and LUS was more precise than SUS, while there was no apparent difference in height of iMRI and 3D-reconstructed LUS. Measurements with 3D-reconstructed LUS were always more accurate than in 2D-LUS, while 3D-reconstruction of SUS showed nearly no differences to 2D-SUS in some measurements. We found correlations of 3D-reconstructed SUS and LUS length and width measurements with 2D results in the same image orientation.

Conclusions

LUS provides an accuracy and resolution comparable to iMRI, while SUS is less exact than LUS and iMRI. 3D-reconstruction showed the potential to distinctly improve accuracy and resolution of ultrasound images, although there is a strong correlation with the sweep direction during data acquisition.

Isolation and evaluation of cocktail phages for the control of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli serotype O104: H4 and E. coli O157: H7 isolates causing diarrhea

Abstract

Escherichia coli serotype O157: H7 and E. coli O104: H4 are well known foodborne pathogens causing sever enteric illness. Using bacteriophages as biocontrol agents of some foodborne pathogens and multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria has a great attention nowadays. This study aims to test the effect of cocktail phages on the growth of some foodborne pathogens and MDR E. coli. Routine conventional PCR was used to confirm the identification of E. coli isolates. Double-layered culture technique was used to isolate phages from sewage water. Morphology of bacteriophage was described using transmission electron microscopy, and spot test was performed to determine host range of the phage cocktail. Phage cocktail of Siphoviridae and Podoviridae family infecting E. coli O157: H7, E. coli O104: H4 and untypeable E. coli (neither O157 nor O104) has been isolated from sewage water. Phage cocktail showed both lytic and lysogenic activity. Lytic activity was observed against E. coli O157: H7, E. coli O104: H4 isolates, Staphylococcus. aureus ATCC6538 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 10145, while the lysogenic activity was observed against the untypeable strain. The tested phage cocktail showed a promising inhibitory action on E. coli O157: H7 and O104: H4, S. aureus ATCC6538 and P. aeruginosa ATCC 10145, suggesting the possibility of its use as a biocontrol tool or as natural food preservatives for many food products.

Glutamate residues at positions 162 and 164 influence the beta-lactamase activity of SHV-14 obtained from Klebsiella pneumoniae

Abstract

Extensive production of SHV-14 beta-lactamase makes Klebsiella pneumoniae resistant to beta-lactams. The presence of omega-loop has been reported to influence the beta-lactamase activity, which is also present in SHV-14. Its omega-loop has three glutamates in nearly alternating positions 162, 164 and 167 but their concise role on the behaviour of SHV-14 is unknown. To uncover the influence of each glutamate on SHV-14, we replaced glutamates with alanine and estimated the effect of each mutation by assessing the change in beta-lactam sensitivities in the surrogate Escherichia coli cells and catalytic efficiencies for hydrolysis with the purified proteins. On expression, the clone of wild-type SHV-14 aggravated the resistance of host by 60–500 folds against penicillin and cephalosporin groups of antibiotics. However, the expression of mutated enzymes (especially E164A) substantially reduced the resistance level as compared to the wild type, and the results were in synchrony with the estimated enzymatic efficiencies of wild-type and mutated proteins. Therefore, with further support from the in silico analysis, we hypothesise that mutation at the glutamate residues in the omega-loop of SHV-14 can considerably modulate the beta-lactam sensitivity and hydrolysis, thus revealing the importance of such glutamates as the target for inhibitor design in future.

Electroactive haloalkaliphiles exhibit exceptional tolerance to free ammonia

Abstract

Electrochemical activity in bacteria has been observed in numerous environments and conditions. However, enrichments in circumneutral freshwater media where acetate is the main electron donor seem to invariably lead to the dominance of Geobacter spp. Here we report on an electroactive bacterial consortium which was enriched on acetate as electron donor, but in a medium which reproduces hydrolysed urine (high pH, high salinity and high free ammonia). The consortium was found to be free of Geobacter species, whereas a previously undescribed community dominated by species closely related to Pseudomonas and Desulfuromonas was established. The salient features of this community were as follows: (i) high electroactivity, with anodic current densities up to 47.4 ± 2.0 A m^–2; (ii) haloalkaliphilicity, with top performance at a medium pH of 10 and 19.5 ± 0.5 mS cm⁻¹; and (iii) a remarkably high tolerance to free ammonia toxicity at over 2200 mgNH₃-N L⁻¹. This community is likely to find applications in microbial electrochemical technology for nutrient recovery from source-separated urine.

Social networks as a tool for science communication and public engagement: focus on Twitter

Abstract

Social networks have been used to teach and engage people about the importance of science. The integration of social networks in the daily routines of faculties and scientists is strongly recommended to increase their personal brand, improve their skills, enhance their visibility, share and communicate science to society, promote scientific culture, and even as a tool for teaching and learning. Here we review the use of Twitter in science and comment on our previous experience of using this social network as a platform for a Massive Online Open Course (MOOC) in Spain and Latin America. We propose to extend this strategy to a pan-European Microbiology MOOC in the near future.

Vector-borne diseases and climate change: a European perspective

Abstract

Climate change has already impacted the transmission of a wide range of vector-borne diseases in Europe, and it will continue to do so in the coming decades. Climate change has been implicated in the observed shift of ticks to elevated altitudes and latitudes, notably including the Ixodes ricinus tick species that is a vector for Lyme borreliosis and tick-borne encephalitis. Climate change is also thought to have been a factor in the expansion of other important disease vectors in Europe: Aedes albopictus (the Asian tiger mosquito), which transmits diseases such as Zika, dengue and chikungunya, and Phlebotomus sandfly species, which transmits diseases including Leishmaniasis. In addition, highly elevated temperatures in the summer of 2010 have been associated with an epidemic of West Nile Fever in Southeast Europe and subsequent outbreaks have been linked to summer temperature anomalies. Future climate-sensitive health impacts are challenging to project quantitatively, in part due to the intricate interplay between non-climatic and climatic drivers, weather-sensitive pathogens and climate-change adaptation. Moreover, globalisation and international air travel contribute to pathogen and vector dispersion internationally. Nevertheless, monitoring forecasts of meteorological conditions can help detect epidemic precursors of vector-borne disease outbreaks and serve as early warning systems for risk reduction.

The aberrant splicing of BAF45d links splicing regulation and transcription in glioblastoma

Abstract

Background

Glioblastoma, the most aggressive primary brain tumor, is a genetically heterogeneous tumor. Alternative spicing (AS) plays a key role in numerous pathologies, including cancer. The objective of our study was to determine whether aberrant AS could play a role in the malignant phenotype of glioma and to understand the mechanism underlying its aberrant regulation.

Methods

We obtained surgical samples from patients with glioblastoma who underwent 5-aminolevulinic fluorescence-guided surgery. Biopsies were taken from the tumor center as well as from adjacent normal-appearing tissue. We used a global splicing array to identify candidate genes aberrantly spliced in these glioblastoma samples. Mechanistic and functional studies were performed to elucidate the role of our top candidate splice variant, BAF45d, in glioblastoma.

Results

BAF45d is part of the switch/sucrose non-fermentable (SWI/SNF) complex and plays a key role in the development of the CNS. The BAF45d/6A-isoform is present in 85% of over 200 glioma samples that have been analyzed, and contributes to the malignant glioma phenotype through the maintenance of an undifferentiated cellular state. We demonstrate that BAF45d splicing is mediated by polypyrimidine-tract-binding protein 1 (PTBP1) and that BAF45d regulates PTBP1, uncovering a reciprocal interplay between RNA splicing regulation and transcription.

Conclusions

Our data indicate that AS is a mechanism that contributes to the malignant phenotype of glioblastoma. Understanding the consequences of this biological process will uncover new therapeutic targets for this devastating disease.

Selected Literature Watch

Violence and Gender , Vol. 0, No. 0.

Anhydramnios in Patients With Pemphigoid Gestationis

This case report describes the occurrence of anhydramnios in 2 patients with pemphigoid gestationis.

The US Food and Drug Administration’s Approach for Safe Innovation of Medical Devices in Dermatology

With the increased awareness of skin conditions and demand for aesthetic treatments requiring the expertise of dermatologists, there has been a growth in the associated medical device industry. Dermatology medical devices include point-of-care diagnostics, ablative technologies, skin imaging devices, dermal fillers, lasers, and wound dressings. Many new devices in dermatology offer practitioners and patients additional options for a variety of conditions including diabetic wound care, skin lesion screening, and alopecia treatment.

Dermatologic Device Approval by the US Food and Drug Administration

This cross-sectional database study characterizes the postapproval changes to Class III dermatologic devices and evaluates inconsistencies in the use of the premarket approval pathway.

Sun Protection Behaviors in Early Childhood Education Programs

This survey study assesses the current policies, practices, and attitudes among staff of Head Start/Early Head Start and day care centers regarding sun protection in children aged 2 to 6 years.

Use of statistical analysis to validate ecogenotoxicology findings arising from various comet assay components

Abstract

Cirrhinus mrigala, Labeo rohita, and Catla catla are economically important fish for human consumption in Pakistan, but industrial and sewage pollution has drastically reduced their population in the River Chenab. Statistics are an important tool to analyze and interpret comet assay results. The specific aims of the study were to determine the DNA damage in Cirrhinus mrigala, Labeo rohita, and Catla catla due to chemical pollution and to assess the validity of statistical analyses to determine the viability of the comet assay for a possible use with these freshwater fish species as a good indicator of pollution load and habitat degradation. Comet assay results indicated a significant (P < 0.05) degree of DNA fragmentation in Cirrhinus mrigala followed by Labeo rohita and Catla catla in respect to comet head diameter, comet tail length, and % DNA damage. Regression analysis and correlation matrices conducted among the parameters of the comet assay affirmed the precision and the legitimacy of the results. The present study, therefore, strongly recommends that genotoxicological studies conduct appropriate analysis of the various components of comet assays to offer better interpretation of the assay data.

Differential distribution of metals in tree tissues growing on reclaimed coal mine overburden dumps, Jharia coal field (India)

Abstract

Opencast bituminous coal mining invariably generates huge amount of metal-polluted waste rocks (stored as overburden (OB) dumps) and reclaimed by planting fast growing hardy tree species which accumulate metals in their tissues. In the present study, reclaimed OB dumps located in Jharia coal field (Jharkhand, India) were selected to assess the accumulation of selected metals (Pb, Zn, Mn, Cu and Co) in tissues (leaf, stem bark, stem wood, root bark and root wood) of two commonly planted tree species (Acacia auriculiformis A.Cunn. ex Benth. and Melia azedarach L.). In reclaimed mine soil (RMS), the concentrations of pseudo-total and available metals (DTPA-extractable) were found 182–498 and 196–1877% higher, respectively, than control soil (CS). The positive Spearman's correlation coefficients between pseudo-total concentration of Pb and Cu (r = 0.717; p < 0.05), Pb and Co (r = 0.650; p < 0.05), Zn and Mn (0.359), Cu and Co (r = 0.896; p < 0.01) suggested similar sources for Pb-Cu-Co and Mn-Zn. Among the five tree tissues considered, Pb selectively accumulated in root bark, stem bark and leaves; Zn and Mn in leaves; and Cu in root wood and stem wood. These results suggested metal accumulation to be "tissue-specific". The biological indices (BCF, TF_leaf, TF_{stem bark} and TF_{stem wood}) indicated variation in metal uptake potential of different tree tissues. The study indicated that A. auriculiformis could be employed for Mn phytoextraction (BCF, TF_leaf, TF_{stem bark} and TF_{stem wood} > 1). The applicability of both the trees in Cu phytostabilization (BCF > 1; TF_leaf, TF_{stem bark} and TF_{stem wood} < 1) was suggested. The study enhanced knowledge about the selection of tree species for the phytoremediation of coal mine OB dumps and specific tree tissues for monitoring metal pollution.

Enhanced removal performance of Cr(VI) by the core-shell zeolites/layered double hydroxides (LDHs) synthesized from different metal compounds in constructed rapid infiltration systems

Abstract

Nine kinds of LDHs were synthesized by the co-precipitation method under alkaline conditions with different combinations of trivalent metal compounds (FeCl₃, AlCl₃, CoCl₃) and divalent metal compounds (CaCl₂, MgCl₂, ZnCl₂), which were then coated in situ on the surface of zeolites to synthesize core-shell zeolites/LDHs composites. The zeolites before and after modification were characterized by SEM and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Using the different core-shell zeolites/LDHs and original zeolite substrates, the constructed rapid infiltration systems (CRIS) simulated test columns were set to treat the municipal sewage containing hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI). Isothermal adsorption tests were subsequently performed. The average removal efficiencies of the small-sized zeolites were much higher than those of the large-sized zeolites. For the small-sized zeolites, the Cr(VI) removal performances of the Mg-LDHs- and Al-LDHs-modified zeolite substrates were efficiently enhanced in particular, which could reach over 90%. And the removal rate of core-shell zeolites/ZnAl-LDHs reached 94.5%. Meanwhile, the maximum adsorption capacity of ZnAl-LDHs-modified zeolites could reach 51.0 mg/kg, indicating that the adsorption properties could be enhanced by ZnAl-LDHs coating. During the purification experiments, most of the LDHs-modified zeolites maintained their predominant chemical adsorption ability for the removal of Cr(VI). Therefore, the small-sized core-shell zeolites/ZnAl-LDHs composites could be used as potential substrates for the efficient removal of Cr(VI) in CRIS.

Fraction distribution and leaching behavior of heavy metals in dredged sediment disposal sites around Meiliang Bay, Lake Taihu (China)

Abstract

The objectives of this study were to characterize the heavy metal contamination status of surface soils sampled at two dredged sediment land disposal sites (the Baimao and Kongwan landfills) in Meiliang Bay, Lake Taihu, China, as well as to investigate the effect on their leaching behaviors due to acid rain. Among all the metals, only the nickel content in the Baimao landfill was higher than the Chinese reference value, and all metal contents were below the limit values for agricultural soils. The fraction distribution of metals by sequential extraction was similar at both sites. Cadmium had a relatively high proportion of exchangeable-carbonate fractions, while the other metals were mainly classified as residue fractions. The metals released from soils by simulated rainwater comprised less than 1% of the total soil metal content, and the effect of acid rain on heavy metal release from dredged sediments in land disposal sites was found to be negligible at both sites. All results indicate no environmental concern for the land disposal of dredged sediments and support the feasibility of beneficially reusing dredged sediment soils as a supplement to agricultural soils.

Neuronal Glutamate Transporters Control Dopaminergic Signaling and Compulsive Behaviors

There is an ongoing debate on the contribution of the neuronal glutamate transporter EAAC1 to the onset of compulsive behaviors. Here, we used behavioral, electrophysiological, molecular, and viral approaches in male and female mice to identify the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which EAAC1 controls the execution of repeated motor behaviors. Our findings show that, in the striatum, a brain region implicated with movement execution, EAAC1 limits group I metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluRI) activation, facilitates D1 dopamine receptor (D1R) expression, and ensures long-term synaptic plasticity. Blocking mGluRI in slices from mice lacking EAAC1 restores D1R expression and synaptic plasticity. Conversely, activation of intracellular signaling pathways coupled to mGluRI in D1R-containing striatal neurons of mice expressing EAAC1 leads to reduced D1R protein level and increased stereotyped movement execution. These findings identify new molecular mechanisms by which EAAC1 can shape glutamatergic and dopaminergic signals and control repeated movement execution.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Genetic studies implicate Slc1a1, a gene encoding the neuronal glutamate transporter EAAC1, with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). EAAC1 is abundantly expressed in the striatum, a brain region that is hyperactive in OCD. What remains unknown is how EAAC1 shapes synaptic function in the striatum. Our findings show that EAAC1 limits activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRIs) in the striatum and, by doing so, promotes D1 dopamine receptor (D1R) expression. Targeted activation of signaling cascades coupled to mGluRIs in mice expressing EAAC1 reduces D1R expression and triggers repeated motor behaviors. These findings provide new information on the molecular basis of OCD and suggest new avenues for its treatment.

Erratum: Wanner et al., Cold-Induced Thermogenesis and Inflammation-Associated Cold-Seeking Behavior Are Represented by Different Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Sites: A Three-Dimensional Functional Topography Study in Conscious Rats

How Forces Fold the Cerebral Cortex

Improved understanding of the factors that govern folding of the cerebral cortex is desirable for many reasons. The existence of consistent patterns in folding within and between species suggests a fundamental role in brain function. Abnormal folding patterns found in individuals affected by a diverse array of neurodevelopmental disorders underline the clinical relevance of understanding the folding process. Recent experimental and computational efforts to elucidate the biomechanical forces involved in cerebral cortical folding have converged on a consistent approach. Brain growth is modeled with two components: an expanding outer zone, destined to become the cerebral cortex, is mechanically coupled to an inner zone, destined to become white matter, that grows at a slower rate, perhaps in response to stress induced by expansion from the outer layer. This framework is consistent with experimentally observed internal forces in developing brains, and with observations of the folding process in physical models. In addition, computational simulations based on this foundation can produce folding patterns that recapitulate the characteristics of folding patterns found in gyroencephalic brains. This perspective establishes the importance of mechanical forces in our current understanding of how brains fold, and identifies realistic ranges for specific parameters in biophysical models of developing brain tissue. However, further refinement of this approach is needed. An understanding of mechanical forces that arise during brain development and their cellular-level origins is necessary to interpret the consequences of abnormal brain folding and its role in functional deficits as well as neurodevelopmental disease.

Dual Perspectives Companion Paper: How Cells Fold the Cerebral Cortex, by Víctor Borrell

Combined Active Humoral and Cellular Immunization Approaches for the Treatment of Synucleinopathies

Dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson's disease, and Multiple System Atrophy are age-related neurodegenerative disorders characterized by progressive accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn) and jointly termed synucleinopathies. Currently, no disease-modifying treatments are available for these disorders. Previous preclinical studies demonstrate that active and passive immunizations targeting α-syn partially ameliorate behavioral deficits and α-syn accumulation; however, it is unknown whether combining humoral and cellular immunization might act synergistically to reduce inflammation and improve microglial-mediated α-syn clearance. Since combined delivery of antigen plus rapamycin (RAP) in nanoparticles is known to induce antigen-specific regulatory T cells (Tregs), we adapted this approach to α-syn using the antigen-presenting cell-targeting glucan microparticle (GP) vaccine delivery system. PDGF-α-syn transgenic (tg) male and female mice were immunized with GP-alone, GP-α-syn (active humoral immunization), GP+RAP, or GP+RAP/α-syn (combined active humoral and Treg) and analyzed using neuropathological and biochemical markers. Active immunization resulted in higher serological total IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a anti-α-syn levels. Compared with mice immunized with GP-alone or GP-α-syn, mice vaccinated with GP+RAP or GP+RAP/α-syn displayed increased numbers of CD25-, FoxP3-, and CD4-positive cells in the CNS. GP-α-syn or GP+RAP/α-syn immunizations resulted in a 30–45% reduction in α-syn accumulation, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. Mice immunized with GP+RAP/α-syn further rescued neurons and reduced neuroinflammation. Levels of TGF-β1 were increased with GP+RAP/α-syn immunization, while levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were reduced. We conclude that the observed effects of GP+RAP/α-syn immunization support the hypothesis that cellular immunization may enhance the effects of active immunotherapy for the treatment of synucleinopathies.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We show that a novel vaccination modality combining an antigen-presenting cell-targeting glucan particle (GP) vaccine delivery system with encapsulated antigen (α-synuclein) + rapamycin (RAP) induced both strong anti-α-synuclein antibody titers and regulatory T cells (Tregs). This vaccine, collectively termed GP+RAP/α-syn, is capable of triggering neuroprotective Treg responses in synucleinopathy models, and the combined vaccine is more effective than the humoral or cellular immunization alone. Together, these results support the further development of this multifunctional vaccine approach for the treatment of synucleinopathies, such as Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple systems atrophy.

How Cells Fold the Cerebral Cortex

Folding of the cerebral cortex is as highly intriguing as poorly understood. At first sight, this may appear as simple tissue crumpling inside an excessively small cranium, but the process is clearly much more complex and developmentally predetermined. Whereas theoretical modeling supports a critical role for biomechanics, experimental evidence demonstrates the fundamental role of specific progenitor cell types, cellular processes, and genetic programs on cortical folding.

Dual Perspectives Companion Paper: How Forces Fold the Cerebral Cortex, by Christopher D. Kroenke and Philip V. Bayly

Proteolytic Processing of Neurexins by Presenilins Sustains Synaptic Vesicle Release

Proteolytic processing of synaptic adhesion components can accommodate the function of synapses to activity-dependent changes. The adhesion system formed by neurexins (Nrxns) and neuroligins (Nlgns) bidirectionally orchestrate the function of presynaptic and postsynaptic terminals. Previous studies have shown that presenilins (PS), components of the gamma-secretase complex frequently mutated in familial Alzheimer's disease, clear from glutamatergic terminals the accumulation of Nrxn C-terminal fragments (Nrxn-CTF) generated by ectodomain shedding. Here, we characterized the synaptic consequences of the proteolytic processing of Nrxns in cultured hippocampal neurons from mice and rats of both sexes. We show that activation of presynaptic Nrxns with postsynaptic Nlgn1 or inhibition of ectodomain shedding in axonal Nrxn1-β increases presynaptic release at individual terminals, likely reflecting an increase in the number of functional release sites. Importantly, inactivation of PS inhibits presynaptic release downstream of Nrxn activation, leaving synaptic vesicle recruitment unaltered. Glutamate-receptor signaling initiates the activity-dependent generation of Nrxn-CTF, which accumulate at presynaptic terminals lacking PS function. The sole expression of Nrxn-CTF decreases presynaptic release and calcium flux, recapitulating the deficits due to loss of PS function. Our data indicate that inhibition of Nrxn processing by PS is deleterious to glutamatergic function.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT To gain insight into the role of presenilins (PS) in excitatory synaptic function, we address the relevance of the proteolytic processing of presynaptic neurexins (Nrxns) in glutamatergic differentiation. Using synaptic fluorescence probes in cultured hippocampal neurons, we report that trans-synaptic activation of Nrxns produces a robust increase in presynaptic calcium levels and neurotransmitter release at individual glutamatergic terminals by a mechanism that depends on normal PS activity. Abnormal accumulation of Nrxn C-terminal fragments resulting from impaired PS activity inhibits presynaptic calcium signal and neurotransmitter release, assigning synaptic defects to Nrxns as a specific PS substrate. These data may provide links into how loss of PS activity inhibits glutamatergic synaptic function in Alzheimer's disease patients.

Readiness Potential and Neuronal Determinism: New Insights on Libet Experiment

A Computational Account of Optimizing Social Predictions Reveals That Adolescents Are Conservative Learners in Social Contexts

As adolescents transition to the complex world of adults, optimizing predictions about others' preferences becomes vital for successful social interactions. Mounting evidence suggests that these social learning processes are affected by ongoing brain development across adolescence. A mechanistic understanding of how adolescents optimize social predictions and how these learning strategies are implemented in the brain is lacking. To fill this gap, we combined computational modeling with functional neuroimaging. In a novel social learning task, male and female human adolescents and adults predicted the preferences of peers and could update their predictions based on trial-by-trial feedback about the peers' actual preferences. Participants also rated their own preferences for the task items and similar additional items. To describe how participants optimize their inferences over time, we pitted simple reinforcement learning models against more specific "combination" models, which describe inferences based on a combination of reinforcement learning from past feedback and participants' own preferences. Formal model comparison revealed that, of the tested models, combination models best described how adults and adolescents update predictions of others. Parameter estimates of the best-fitting model differed between age groups, with adolescents showing more conservative updating. This developmental difference was accompanied by a shift in encoding predictions and the errors thereof within the medial prefrontal and fusiform cortices. In the adolescent group, encoding of own preferences and prediction errors scaled with parent-reported social traits, which provides additional external validity for our learning task and the winning computational model. Our findings thus help to specify adolescent-specific social learning processes.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Adolescence is a unique developmental period of heightened awareness about other people. Here we probe the suitability of various computational models to describe how adolescents update their predictions of others' preferences. Within the tested model space, predictions of adults and adolescents are best described by the same learning model, but adolescents show more conservative updating. Compared with adults, brain activity of adolescents is modulated less by predictions themselves and more by prediction errors per se, and this relationship scales with adolescents' social traits. Our findings help specify social learning across adolescence and generate hypotheses about social dysfunctions in psychiatric populations.

The Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Shp2 Regulates Oligodendrocyte Differentiation and Early Myelination and Contributes to Timely Remyelination

Shp2 is a nonreceptor protein tyrosine phosphatase that has been shown to influence neurogenesis, oligodendrogenesis, and oligodendrocyte differentiation. Furthermore, Shp2 is a known regulator of the Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin and ERK signaling pathways in multiple cellular contexts, including oligodendrocytes. Its role during later postnatal CNS development or in response to demyelination injury has not been examined. Based on the current studies, we hypothesize that Shp2 is a negative regulator of CNS myelination. Using transgenic mouse technology, we show that Shp2 is involved in oligodendrocyte differentiation and early myelination, but is not necessary for myelin maintenance. We also show that Shp2 regulates the timely differentiation of oligodendrocytes following lysolecithin-induced demyelination, although apparently normal remyelination occurs at a delayed time point. These data suggest that Shp2 is a relevant therapeutic target in demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In the present study, we show that the protein phosphatase Shp2 is an important mediator of oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination, both during developmental myelination as well as during myelin regeneration. We provide important insight into the signaling mechanisms regulating myelination and propose that Shp2 acts as a transient brake to the developmental myelination process. Furthermore, we show that Shp2 regulates oligodendrocyte differentiation following demyelination and therefore has important therapeutic implications in diseases such as multiple sclerosis.

FK506-Binding Protein 12.6/1b, a Negative Regulator of [Ca2+], Rescues Memory and Restores Genomic Regulation in the Hippocampus of Aging Rats

Hippocampal overexpression of FK506-binding protein 12.6/1b (FKBP1b), a negative regulator of ryanodine receptor Ca²⁺ release, reverses aging-induced memory impairment and neuronal Ca²⁺ dysregulation. Here, we tested the hypothesis that FKBP1b also can protect downstream transcriptional networks from aging-induced dysregulation. We gave hippocampal microinjections of FKBP1b-expressing viral vector to male rats at either 13 months of age (long-term, LT) or 19 months of age (short-term, ST) and tested memory performance in the Morris water maze at 21 months of age. Aged rats treated ST or LT with FKBP1b substantially outperformed age-matched vector controls and performed similarly to each other and young controls (YCs). Transcriptional profiling in the same animals identified 2342 genes with hippocampal expression that was upregulated/downregulated in aged controls (ACs) compared with YCs (the aging effect). Of these aging-dependent genes, 876 (37%) also showed altered expression in aged FKBP1b-treated rats compared with ACs, with FKBP1b restoring expression of essentially all such genes (872/876, 99.5%) in the direction opposite the aging effect and closer to levels in YCs. This inverse relationship between the aging and FKBP1b effects suggests that the aging effects arise from FKBP1b deficiency. Functional category analysis revealed that genes downregulated with aging and restored by FKBP1b were associated predominantly with diverse brain structure categories, including cytoskeleton, membrane channels, and extracellular region. Conversely, genes upregulated with aging but not restored by FKBP1b associated primarily with glial–neuroinflammatory, ribosomal, and lysosomal categories. Immunohistochemistry confirmed aging-induced rarefaction and FKBP1b-mediated restoration of neuronal microtubular structure. Therefore, a previously unrecognized genomic network modulating diverse brain structural processes is dysregulated by aging and restored by FKBP1b overexpression.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Previously, we found that hippocampal overexpression of FK506-binding protein 12.6/1b (FKBP1b), a negative regulator of intracellular Ca²⁺ responses, reverses both aging-related Ca²⁺ dysregulation and cognitive impairment. Here, we tested whether hippocampal FKBP1b overexpression also counteracts aging changes in gene transcriptional networks. In addition to reducing memory deficits in aged rats, FKBP1b selectively counteracted aging-induced expression changes in 37% of aging-dependent genes, with cytoskeletal and extracellular structure categories highly associated with the FKBP1b-rescued genes. Our results indicate that, in parallel with cognitive processes, a novel transcriptional network coordinating brain structural organization is dysregulated with aging and restored by FKBP1b.

Overexpression of the Histone Dimethyltransferase G9a in Nucleus Accumbens Shell Increases Cocaine Self-Administration, Stress-Induced Reinstatement, and Anxiety

Repeated exposure to cocaine induces lasting epigenetic changes in neurons that promote the development and persistence of addiction. One epigenetic alteration involves reductions in levels of the histone dimethyltransferase G9a in nucleus accumbens (NAc) after chronic cocaine administration. This reduction in G9a may enhance cocaine reward because overexpressing G9a in the NAc decreases cocaine-conditioned place preference. Therefore, we hypothesized that HSV-mediated G9a overexpression in the NAc shell (NAcSh) would attenuate cocaine self-administration (SA) and cocaine-seeking behavior. Instead, we found that G9a overexpression, and the resulting increase in histone 3 lysine 9 dimethylation (H3K9me2), increases sensitivity to cocaine reinforcement and enhances motivation for cocaine in self-administering male rats. Moreover, when G9a overexpression is limited to the initial 15 d of cocaine SA training, it produces an enduring postexpression enhancement in cocaine SA and prolonged (over 5 weeks) increases in reinstatement of cocaine seeking induced by foot-shock stress, but in the absence of continued global elevations in H3K9me2. The increase in stress-induced reinstatement is paralleled by heightened anxiety measures, suggesting that countering the cocaine-induced decreases in endogenous G9a with ectopic G9a overexpression leads to lasting anxiogenic effects. Finally, we found an enduring reduction in phosphorylated cAMP-response element binding protein levels in the NAcSh that could account for the increased anxiety. These data demonstrate a novel role for G9a in promoting comorbid cocaine addiction and anxiety and suggest that increased epigenetic repression of transcription through H3K9 during cocaine use can have long-lasting and unexpected negative consequences on behavior.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Cocaine addiction is a neuropsychiatric disorder that is detrimental to society and currently has no effective treatments. The difficulty in treating drug addiction is compounded by the high comorbidity with other psychiatric illnesses, including anxiety disorders. Here, we demonstrate that G9a, an epigenetic repressor of gene expression, acting in the nucleus accumbens, a brain reward region, is capable of increasing both addiction- and anxiety-like behaviors in rats. These findings are intriguing because repeated cocaine exposure decreases G9a in this region and thereby enhances expression of certain addiction-promoting genes. However, our results suggest that countering this cocaine-induced decrease in G9a activity actually exacerbates addiction and sensitivity to relapse under stressful situations.

This Week in The Journal

Efficacy of Partial- Versus Full-Sling Acellular Dermal Matrix Use in Implant-Based Breast Reconstruction: A Head-to-Head Comparison

Abstract

Background

Acellular dermal matrix (ADM), popularly used in tissue expander-based breast reconstruction, is applied either as a partial or full sling, but without any consensus regarding which method of application produces better outcomes. We aimed to compare the outcomes between two patient groups who underwent tissue expander-based breast reconstruction using these techniques.

Methods

A retrospective review was conducted for consecutive patients who underwent immediate two-stage implant-based breast reconstruction using ADM between January 2013 and June 2016. They were categorized into two cohorts: cohort 1 included patients in whom ADM was applied using the partial-sling technique, insetting it obliquely after releasing the pectoralis major muscle from its costal origin, and cohort 2 included those who underwent a full-sling technique, insetting it transversely after releasing the muscle from its costal and lower sternal origin. Postoperative complications and aesthetic outcomes were compared between the two groups.

Results

We analysed 329 cases (167 in cohort 1 and 162 in cohort 2) with similar baseline characteristics in both cohorts. Reconstruction failure occurred in 2.4% of overall patients. The rates of each and overall acute complications did not differ significantly between the cohorts. Cohort 2 showed significantly lower rates of tissue expander displacement and malposition following the first-stage operation and rippling following the second-stage operation, differences that retained the influences in multivariate analyses. Higher aesthetic scores were obtained in cohort 2.

Conclusion

Using the full-sling ADM might reduce unintended migration of prostheses and enable proper tissue expansion, resulting in better overall outcomes without increasing morbidities.

Level of Evidence III

This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

Trace metal occurrence in Mediterranean seaweeds

Abstract

Seaweeds have been used as animal feed since a long time and are consumed as food in several cultures. In fact, macroalgae are a source of protein, fiber, polyunsaturated fat, and minerals. The concentration of trace elements was determined in dominant macroalga species from three sites of the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. A high interspecies variability was observed, with higher metal levels in brown and green than those in red seaweeds. The maximum values set by European regulations for arsenic, mercury, and cadmium in food and feed were never exceeded, but a few samples were very close to limits set for mercury. Conversely, the maximum limit for lead in feed was exceeded in all species from one of the considered sites. Analogously, lead in seaweeds could constitute a potential risk for human health, due to the exceeding of the maximum value set for food supplements.

Studies on biogas-fuelled compression ignition engine under dual fuel mode

Abstract

Experimental investigation has been carried out to utilize biogas as an alternative source of energy in compression ignition (CI) engine under dual fuel operational mode. Biogas was inducted into the inlet manifold at different flow rates along with fresh air through inlet manifold and diesel was injected as a pilot fuel to initiate combustion under dual fuel mode. The engine performance and emission characteristics of dual fuel operational mode were analyzed at different biogas flow rates and compared with baseline conventional diesel fuel. Based upon the improved performance and lower emission characteristics under the dual fuel operation, the optimum flow rate of biogas was observed to be 2.2 kg/h. The lower brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and higher brake-specific energy consumption (BSEC) were noticed with biogas-diesel fuel under dual fuel mode when compared with neat diesel operation. Test results showed reduced NO_x emissions and smoke opacity level in the exhaust tailpipe emissions. However, higher hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were noticed under dual fuel mode at entire engine loads when compared with baseline fossil petro-diesel. Hence, the use of low-cost gaseous fuel such as biogas would be an economically viable proposition to address the current and future problems of energy scarcity and associated environmental concerns.

Efficacy of micafungin for treatment of invasive candidiasis and candidaemia in patients with neutropenia

Abstract

Background

Neutropenia is linked to development of invasive candidiasis/candidaemia, for which micafungin has demonstrated efficacy, but evidence in patients with neutropenia is limited.

Objectives

Evaluate efficacy of micafungin for treatment of invasive candidiasis/candidaemia in patients with neutropenia (<500 neutrophils/μL) and without neutropenia.

Methods

This pooled, post hoc analysis of two Phase 3 trials compared micafungin 100mg/day (adults) and 2mg/kg/day (paediatrics) with L-AmB 3mg/kg/day (NCT00106288) and micafungin 100mg/day and 150mg/day with caspofungin 70mg/day followed by 50mg/day (adults) (NCT00105144); treatment duration 2–4 weeks (≤8 weeks for chronic disseminated candidiasis). Effects of neutropenia duration and Candida spp. on efficacy outcomes (treatment success, clinical and mycological response) were examined.

Results

Of 685 patients, 77 had neutropenia. The most common infection in patients with/without neutropenia was due to C. tropicalis (31/77) and C. albicans (295/608), respectively. Overall success was numerically lower in patients with vs. without neutropenia (63.6% vs. 72.9%). Clinical and mycological response was similar between groups. Neutropenia duration or Candida spp. did not impact micafungin's overall success rate.

Conclusions

This analysis supports evidence that micafungin is effective against invasive candidiasis/candidaemia in patients with neutropenia, irrespective of neutropenia duration or Candida spp., although overall success may be lower than in patients without neutropenia.

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Hodgkin-Lymphom – neue Horizonte

Stellenwert der isolierten Extremitätenperfusion bei Sarkomen

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund und Ziel

Die isolierte Extremitätenperfusion mit Tumornekrosefaktor-α (TNF-α) und Melphalan (TM-ILP [ILP: „isolated limb perfusion"]) ist eines der wirksamsten Therapieverfahren zur neoadjuvanten Therapie von nicht resektablen Weichgewebesarkomen der Extremitäten. Diese Übersichtsarbeit beschreibt die Zusammenhänge und Wirkungsweise der TM-ILP, v. a. im Hinblick auf die Einhaltung der Sicherheitsabstände und die Möglichkeiten der TM-ILP, diese durch Devitalisierung der Tumorzellen in den Randbereichen bzw. den zukünftigen Resektionsrändern zu verbessern.

Methoden

Es wurden eine Recherche und Auswertung aktueller Literatur durchgeführt.

Ergebnisse

Durch die Vorbehandlung mittels TM-ILP kann eine sonst notwendige Amputation in 80 % der Fälle vermieden werden. Im Rahmen eines kurativen, multimodalen Therapieansatzes kann der Tumor nach der initialen TM-ILP 6–8 Wochen später mit knappen Sicherheitsabständen unter Erhalt der Extremität entfernt werden. Auch in palliativer Therapieintention kann die TM-ILP Anwendung finden. Hierdurch kann, insbesondere in Kombination mit einer anschließenden systemischen Chemotherapie, ein längerfristiger Wachstumsarrest des Tumors erreicht werden. In Kombination mit einer anschließenden Strahlentherapie kann dieser Effekt noch verstärkt werden.

Schlussfolgerung

Trotz der bestehenden Amputationsindikation zeigen Patienten nach ILP hervorragende Lebensqualität, die auch im längerfristigen Verlauf konstant bleibt.

Genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism-based autozygosity mapping facilitates identification of mutations in consanguineous families with epidermolysis bullosa

Abstract

Autozygosity mapping (AM) is a technique utilized for mapping homozygous autosomal recessive (AR) traits and facilitation of genetic diagnosis. We investigated the utility of AM for the molecular diagnosis of heterogeneous AR disorders, using epidermolysis bullosa (EB) as a paradigm. We applied this technique to a cohort of 46 distinct EB families using both short tandem repeat (STR) and genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array-based AM to guide targeted Sanger sequencing of EB candidate genes. Initially, 39 of the 46 cases were diagnosed with homozygous mutations using this method. Independently, 26 cases, including the seven initially unresolved cases, were analyzed with an EB-targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) panel. NGS identified mutations in five additional cases, initially undiagnosed due to presence of compound heterozygosity, deep intronic mutations, or runs of homozygosity below the set threshold of 2 Mb, for a total yield of 44 out of 46 cases (95.7%) diagnosed genetically.

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Biosimilars in Dermatology – theory becomes reality

Summary

Biosimilars are biological medicines that are analogues of a specific reference product. Biosimilars of the tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitors infliximab and etanercept are already approved and available for dermatological indications. Regulatory agencies require in-depth analysis of physicochemical and functional properties of these highly complex molecules as well as clinical data on their similarity regarding efficacy and safety in at least one clinical trial in a sensitive and homogeneous population. Thus, it must be shown that biosimilars are essentially the same as the originator product if they are to be licensed in regulated drug markets. As a consequence, these data are extrapolated from one molecule (the originator) to another (biosimilar) resulting in an approval that includes the same indications as the originator product. While extrapolation is well accepted and regulated, clear recommendations regarding the interchangeability of originators and biosimilars as well as data on multiple consecutive switching are missing. Current scientific knowledge does not argue against the use of biosimilars for dermatological indications, but sequential switching of biosimilars should be considered carefully. To increase confidence and enhance evidence for biosimilars, accurate documentation of the specific products given to each patient is essential and should preferably be included in patient registries.

Improving Outcomes in Recurrent and Other New Foot Ulcers after Healed Plantar Forefoot Diabetic Ulcer

The influence of human acute wound fluid on the antibacterial efficacy of different antiseptic polyurethane foam dressings: an in-vitro analysis

ABSTRACT

Treating infected acute and/or chronic wounds still represents a major challenge in medical care. Various interactions of antiseptic dressings with wound environments regarding antimicrobial efficacy remain unclear. Therefore, this work aimed to investigate the influence of human acute wound fluid (AWF) on the antimicrobial performance of different antiseptic foam dressings in-vitro against typical bacterial wound pathogens.

Eight antiseptic polyurethane foam dressings containing either a silver formulation or Polyhexamethylene-biguanide (PHMB) were assessed regarding their antimicrobial potency against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using a modified Time-Kill-Assay based on ISO EN 20743. The antiseptic efficacy was evaluated standardly as well as under the influence of human AWF after 2, 4, 6 and 24 hours.

The specific chemical formulation and concentration of the antiseptic substance (ionic or nanocrystalline silver, silver sulfadiazine, PHMB 0,1%/0,5%) embedded within the dressings seemed to play a key role. For certain dressings (two nanocrystalline and one ionic silver dressing) the antimicrobial efficacy was significantly reduced under the influence of AWF compared to unchallenged test series. Unchallenged the efficacy of PHMB was comparable to silver against P. aeruginosa and even significantly superior against S. aureus and E. coli. Challenged with AWF the reduction rates for silver adjusted or even exceeded (P. aeruginosa) those of PHMB.

Within a challenging wound environment, especially some silver formulations demonstrated a reduced bacterial reduction. Regarding the presented in-vitro results, the biomolecular interactions of antiseptic wound dressings with wound fluid should be part of more extensive investigations, considering varying factors such as bacterial species and wound (micro)environment to develop targeted therapeutic regimes for the individual. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Proposal for verifying dipole properties of light-harvesting antennas

Publication date: February 2018
Source:Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, Volume 179
Author(s): Julian Juhi-Lian Ting
For light harvesters with a reaction center complex (LH1-RC complex) of three types, we propose an experiment to verify our analysis based upon antenna theories that automatically include the required structural information. Our analysis conforms to the current understanding of light-harvesting antennas in that we can explain known properties of these complexes. We provide an explanation for the functional roles of the notch at the light harvester, a functional role of the polypeptide called PufX or W at the opening, a functional role of the special pair, a reason that the cross section of the light harvester must not be circular, a reason that the light harvester must not be spherical, reasons for the use of dielectric bacteriochlorophylls instead of conductors to make the light harvester, a mechanism to prevent damage from excess sunlight, an advantage of the dimeric form, and reasons for the modular design of nature. Based upon our analysis we provide a mechanism for dimerization. We predict that the dimeric form of light-harvesting complexes is favored under intense sunlight. We further comment upon the classification of the dimeric or S-shape complexes. The S-shape complexes should not be considered as the third type of light harvester but simply as a composite form.

Activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM/CD166) regulates T cell responses in a murine model of food allergy

Summary

Food allergy is a major public health problem. Studies have shown that long-term interactions between activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM/CD166), on the surface of antigen presenting cells, and CD6, a co-stimulatory molecule, influence immune responses. However, there are currently no studies on the functions of ALCAM in food allergy. Therefore, we aimed to identify the functions of ALCAM in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced food allergy using ALCAM-deficient mice. Wild-type (WT) and ALCAM-deficient (ALCAM^-/-) mice were intraperitoneally sensitized with and orally fed OVA. The mice were sacrificed, and parameters related to food allergy and T_H2 immune responses were analyzed. ALCAM serum levels increased and mRNA expression decreased in OVA-challenged WT mice. Serum IgE levels, T_H2 cytokine mRNA, and histological injuries were higher in OVA-challenged WT mice than in control mice, and these were attenuated in ALCAM^-/- mice. T cell proliferation of total cells, CD3⁺CD4⁺ T cell, and activated T cells in immune tissues were diminished in OVA-challenged ALCAM^-/- mice. Proliferation of co-cultured T cells and dendritic cells (DCs) was decreased by the anti-CD6 antibody. In addition, WT mice sensitized by adoptive transfer of OVA-pulsed ALCAM^-/- BM-derived DCs showed reduced immune responses. Lastly, serum ALCAM levels were higher in children with food allergy than in control subjects. In this study, serum levels of ALCAM were elevated in food allergy-induced WT mice and children with food allergy. Moreover, immune responses and T cell activation were attenuated in OVA-challenged ALCAM^-/- mice. These results indicate that ALCAM regulates food allergy by affecting T cell activation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

State of Plastic Surgery in Brazil

No abstract available

Combining Autologous and Prosthetic Techniques: The Breast Reconstruction Scale Principle

Background: The latissimus dorsi (LD) flap remains a good option for immediate or delayed breast reconstruction. The main limitation of this flap is the small volume provided. To improve the reconstructed breast volume, the LD flap is usually combined with a breast implant. Recently, fat grafting to the LD flap was described to maximize flap volume and obtain a totally autologous breast reconstruction. We report our experience with hybrid breast reconstruction using both breast implants and fat-enriched latissimus dorsi (FELD) flaps. Methods: Between 2013 and 2016, 74 patients underwent breast reconstruction with FELD flaps only or FELD flaps combined with a breast implant. The LD flap was harvested as previously described. Donor sites for fat harvesting were chosen according to each patient's natural fat distribution. Fat was harvested, centrifuged, and injected into the LD flap. After fat grafting, breast sizers were employed to determine the final breast volume when the addition of an implant was indicated. Results: Good cosmetic outcomes were achieved in all cases, with a mean follow-up of 2.1 years. No patients had cancer reoccurrences. Four patients experienced a seroma of the LD donor site, 1 had a breast hematoma, and 1 developed Baker grade III capsular contracture. One year postoperatively, a clinically relevant area of fat necrosis was observed in 1 patient and was surgically treated. Additional fat grafting sessions were required in 3 cases. Conclusion: In elected cases, a FELD flap alone or in combination with a small implant is a valuable technique for breast reconstruction surgery.

Advanced treatment of petrochemical wastewater by combined ozonation and biological aerated filter

Abstract

The secondary effluent from a petrochemical wastewater treatment plant was treated by biological aerated filter (BAF) before and after ozonation, namely BAF1 and BAF2, respectively. The results showed that BAF2 fed with the ozonized secondary effluent exhibited a high efficiency in degrading organic pollutants. The removal efficiency of COD and NH₄-N was 6.0 ± 3.2 and 48.2~18.6% for BAF1 and 12.5 ± 5.8 and 62.1~40.9% for BAF2, respectively, during the whole operation. The integration system of ozonation and BAF could tolerate a higher organic loading rate. When HRT decreased from 4 to 1 h, COD removal efficiency decreased from 12 to 4% for the BAF1 system, but it kept almost unchanged at high levels of 27–32% for the ozonation-BAF2 system, with around 20% removal by ozonation. The biomass in BAF2 exhibited a higher activity of protease, DHA, and SOUR than that in BAF1. The organic pollutants in influent and effluent of BAF were mainly ester compounds, which were difficult to biodegrade by BAF. The predominant genera in BAF1 were Gemmatimonadaceae uncultured, Thauera, and Thiobacillus, while the dominant genera in BAF2 were Nitrospira, Gemmatimonadaceae uncultured, and Flexibacter, respectively. Overall, BAF2 performed better than BAF1 in organic pollutant removal and microbial activity. The ozonation process was vital for BAF to treat petrochemical secondary effluent.

An assessment of emergy, energy, and cost-benefits of grain production over 6 years following a biochar amendment in a rice paddy from China

Abstract

Biochar soil amendment had been increasingly advocated for improving crop productivity and reducing carbon footprint in agriculture worldwide. However, the long-term benefits of biochar application with farming systems had not been thoroughly understood. This study quantified and assessed emergy, energy, and economic benefits of rice and wheat production throughout 6 rotation years following a single biochar amendment in a rice paddy from Southeastern China. Using the data from farm inventory, the quantified emergy indices included grain outputs, unit emergy value, and relative percentage of free renewable resources, environmental loading ratio, emergy yield ratio, and emergy sustainability index (ESI). The results indicated contrasting differences in these emergy values between biochar-amended and unamended production systems over the 6 years. The overall emergy efficiency of rice and wheat productions in biochar-amended system were higher by 11–28 and 15–47%, respectively, than that of unamended one of which the production being highly resource intensive. Moreover, ESI on average was 0.46 for rice and 0.63 for wheat in amended system, compared to 0.35 for rice and 0.39 for wheat in unamended one. Furthermore, over the 6 years following a single application, the ESI values showed considerable variation in the unamended system but consistently increasing in the amended system. Again, the biochar-amended system exerted significantly higher energy and economic return than the unamended one. Nonetheless, there was a tradeoff between rice and wheat in grain yield and net economic gain. Overall, biochar amendment could be a viable measure to improve the resilience of grain production while to reduce resource intensity and environment impacts in paddy soil from China.

Plasmas ozone inactivation of Legionella in deionized water and wastewater

Abstract

The results show that ozone concentration determination using ultraviolet spectrophotometry (UV-2450) at 258 nm is easier than using indigo method at 600 nm. A strong linear relationship was found between purge time and O₃ concentration in deionized water. Ozone concentration can be predicted in deionized water. A higher O₃ flow rate or lower temperature led to a higher O₃ concentration. Ozone concentration was stable in 60 min, so that ozone self-decomposition could be ignored at ozone concentrations below 0.4 mg L⁻¹. A higher temperature led to a higher inactivation efficiency and rate, and that a lower temperature led to a lower ozone decay rate and inactivation efficiency even if ozone solubility increased when temperature decreased. The fastest inactivation rate occurred before c₀t = 165 μg L⁻¹ s, but the inactivation rate decreased after c₀t = 165 μg L⁻¹ s with tail phenomena. The tail phenomena were clearly observed and may be caused by oxidization of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), cell membrane, etc. The activation energy E_a = 55,404 ± 0.3 J mol⁻¹ were obtained for Legionella inactivation with ozone in deionized water. Ozone maximum decay rate was positively proportional to COD concentration. COD impacted on ozone concentration seriously. Higher COD concentration resulted in higher ozone decay rate. COD could result in ozone concentration decrement rapidly to a steady value in 5 s. Higher initial ozone concentration resulted in higher germ inactivation rate. Higher initial COD concentration resulted in lower Legionella inactivation efficiency. COD was easier to react with ozone than Legionella. The relationship among the initial COD concentrations COD₀, the initial O₃ concentration c₀, and the O₃ contact time t necessary for a 99.999% reduction of Legionella in wastewater can be expressed in some equations. O₃ disinfection time t necessary for a 99.999% reduction of Legionella can be predicted by Eqs. (10) and (11).

Graphical abstract

ᅟ

A prospective 52-week randomised controlled trial of patient-initiated care consultations for patients with psoriasis

Abstract

Background

Treatment and care of moderate to severe psoriasis requires lifelong consultations with a dermatologist with close monitoring of systemic treatment.

Objectives

To investigate the effect of patient-initiated care consultations (PICC) for patients with psoriasis in a dermatology outpatient clinic.

Methods

A prospective randomised controlled trial with patients in well-controlled systemic treatment randomised to either 1) the PICC group, where they participated in one annual consultation with a dermatologist but were able to initiate consultations when needed; or 2) routine care, where they participated in a consultation every 12-16 weeks. The primary outcome was the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI). Other outcomes were safety, patient adherence and satisfaction with healthcare assessed at baseline and after 52 weeks.

Results

150 patients were included, with 58.0% treated with biologicals, 37.3% with methotrexate and 4.7% with acitretin. At week 52 no statistically significant mean difference between groups was detected in DLQI 0.28 (95% CI, -0.35–0.9) or Psoriasis Area Severity Index -0.24 (95% CI, -0.84–0.36). Patients in the PICC group requested 63.1% fewer consultations with a dermatologist, mean ±SD 2.5 ±0.1 vs. 5.1 ±0.6, (p=0.001). Patient adherence and safety with treatment monitoring was equal between groups, but the PICC group was significantly better at attending consultations than the control group (p=0.003).

Conclusion

PICC offers additional clinical benefits compared to routine care, making patients less dependent on clinical visits. The intervention adds no harm to monitoring systemic treatment and patients report high quality of life and satisfaction with healthcare.

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Comparative efficacy of two anti-aging products containing retinyl palmitate in healthy human volunteers

Summary

Background

No study yet described the comparative efficacy of two over-the-counter (OTC) anti-aging products in Asian subjects using the techniques involving analysis of living skin.

Aim

We sought to evaluate the anti-aging efficacy of two commercial formulations containing retinyl palmitate using a high-resolution UVA video camera.

Method

Total 11 healthy male volunteers, agreed to participate in this single-blind split-face design study with the mean age of 25.5 years. Every night, volunteers applied one type of cream on the left side and other type of cream on the right side of the face, as directed according to the study design for 60 days. Measurements of the parameters were taken at 0, 1st, 7th, 15th, 30th, and 60th day of study period using noninvasive UVA video camera Visioscan^® VC98. Cream applied on right side of the face labeled as "R" and on the left side as "L."

Results

Sixty-day use of the creams showed significant improvement in SELS parameters of the skin. Percent change in skin wrinkling (SEw) parameter calculated after 60 days was −6.68% after applying cream R and −8.27% after applying cream L.

Conclusion

We concluded that constituents in both creams have potentially influenced skin surface parameters, thus indicating that, these creams as a better option to lessen the effects of aging on facial skin on long-term application.

The use of natural ingredients in innovative Korean cosmeceuticals

Summary

Background

The cosmeceutical industry is an ever-growing and in demand market, especially in Asia. Korea has been on the forefront of creating the newest generation and most innovative cosmeceuticals products including ingredients such as snail secretions, starfish powder, botanical extracts, green tea, and red ginseng. Given their increasing prevalence in the cosmeceutical industry, scientists have been conducting investigations into these extracts and their properties.

Objective

To summarize the current literature surrounding multiple natural ingredients found in Korean cosmeceutical products.

Methods

A review of the literature surrounding natural ingredients found in Korean cosmeceuticals was conducted using PubMed (U.S. National Library of Medicine).

Results

Multiple natural extracts have been found to have antiaging, antitumor, and antimelanogenic effects making them useful additives in current cosmeceutical products.

Conclusion

With the public's increasing awareness of cosmeceutical products, it is important for physicians to understand the properties of these extracts in order to inform patients correctly and ensure patient safety.

Seborrheic keratoses mimicking melanoma unveiled by in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy

Abstract

Background

Seborrheic keratoses (SebK) with atypical dermoscopy presentation are increasingly reported. These lesions do not exhibit typical dermoscopy features of SebK and sometimes mimic melanoma, thus complicating the differential diagnosis. Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is a non-invasive tool, which allows an in vivo imaging of the skin. The study objectives were to evaluate the agreement between RCM classification and histological diagnoses, and the reliability of well-known RCM criteria for SebK in the identification of SebK with atypical dermoscopy presentation.

Materials and Methods

We retrospectively analysed at RCM excised lesions presenting in dermoscopy ≥1 score at revisited 7-point checklist. The study population consisted of cases showing no melanocytic RCM findings. Lesions were investigated for distinct non-melanocytic RCM features, blinded from histopathology diagnoses. Histopathology matching was then performed before statistical analysis.

Results

The study consisted of 117 cases, classified at RCM as SebK (71 cases), dermatofibroma (18 cases), basal cell carcinoma (13 cases), squamous cell carcinoma (2 cases), and "non-specific" (13 cases). Overall K strength of agreement at histopathology matching proved 0.76. Of the 71 cases classified at RCM with SebK, agreement was achieved in 97%.

Conclusion

Reflectance confocal microscopy classification proved high agreement with histopathology for SebK with atypical dermoscopy presentations, allowing an early differential diagnosis. RCM features in this group of lesions were similar to those described for typical cases of SebK, and may assist clinician therapy decision making, whilst avoiding unnecessary excisions.

High-frequency ultrasound-based differentiation between nodular dermal filler deposits and foreign body granulomas

Abstract

Background

The number of procedures involving dermal filler injection is still on the rise. Although their safety is improving, not all complications can be avoided. The late complications manifesting as nodules or granulomas pose a particular diagnostic and therapeutic challenge, due to the lack of uniform standards or guidelines. High-frequency, ultrasound imaging appears to be a useful method for distinguishing between granulomas and nodular dermal filler deposits.

Aim

The aim of the paper was to evaluate the utility of high frequency ultrasound imaging for distinguishing between foreign body granulomas and nodular dermal filler deposits.

Material and methods

Eleven females aged 21-66 years (mean age of 43.6 years old) who had soft tissue fillers injected were enrolled. All patients had a high-frequency ultrasound scan of the involved skin area performed. The shape, margins, area, location and echogenicity of the lesions were assessed. Additionally, the lesions were evaluated histologically and photographs were taken.

Results

The analysis indicated differences between the ultrasound image of granulomas and dermal filler deposits. Characteristic ultrasound features of granulomas include oval shape and blurred, irregular outer edges. Small hyperechoic areas were seen inside the granulomas. The deposits were anechogenic, with sharp, regular borders.

Conclusions

High-frequency ultrasound imaging enables distinguishing between granulomas and nodules—dermal filler deposits, which form after dermal filler injections.

Automated digital image analysis (TrichoScan) in male patients with androgenetic alopecia; comparison with manual marking of hairs on trichoscopic images

Discrepancy of width between actual cutaneous lesion and punch biopsy specimen