Abstract
Recently, Xhignesse has argued that the principle of poetic licence (PPL), which roughly states that any class of propositions is true in some possible fiction, ought to be rejected. Here, we defend PPL from Xhignesse's objection by demonstrating that, properly understood, his purported counter-example case is either irrelevant or unproblematic. The upshot is that Xhignesse has given us no reason to reject PPL.Τρίτη 24 Ιουλίου 2018
La codificación de diagnósticos dermatológicos. Una cuestión aún por resolver
Publication date: Available online 24 July 2018
Source: Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas
Author(s): I. Belinchón Romero
Alopecia sifilítica de cejas y pestañas
Publication date: Available online 24 July 2018
Source: Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas
Author(s): P. García-Montero, J.B. Repiso-Jiménez, C. García-Harana
Fe de errores a “Utilidad de la ecografía en enfermedades inflamatorias cutáneas pediátricas” [Piel (Barc). 2018; 33(5): 314-319]
Publication date: August–September 2018
Source: Piel, Volume 33, Issue 7
Author(s): Begoña Echeverría-García, Celia Horcajada-Reales, Jesús Borbujo
Elefantiasis verrucosa nostra: clínica, dermatoscopía y manejo
Publication date: August–September 2018
Source: Piel, Volume 33, Issue 7
Author(s): María Carolina González-Aspillaga, María Beatriz Reeves, Héctor Fuenzalida C., Francisco Chávez
Asociación de eritema nudoso y epiescleritis como manifestación inicial de la enfermedad de Crohn
Publication date: August–September 2018
Source: Piel, Volume 33, Issue 7
Author(s): Jorge Magdaleno-Tapial, Cristian Valenzuela-Oñate, Gemma Pérez-Pastor
Osteoma cutis primario solitario
Publication date: August–September 2018
Source: Piel, Volume 33, Issue 7
Author(s): Francesc Messeguer, Anna Agusti-Mejias, Pau Agusti
Porque no todo es celulitis. Diagnóstico y comentario
Publication date: August–September 2018
Source: Piel, Volume 33, Issue 7
Author(s): Adrián Ballano Ruiz, Conrado Jorge Finnigan, Isidora Serrano Martín
Un caso de síndrome del dedo azul. Diagnóstico y comentario
Publication date: August–September 2018
Source: Piel, Volume 33, Issue 7
Author(s): Felipe César Benavente-Villegas, Almudena Mateu-Puchades, Pilar Soriano-Sarrió
Novedades en la patogenia de las úlceras por presión
Publication date: August–September 2018
Source: Piel, Volume 33, Issue 7
Author(s): Julio E. Valdivia-Silva, Luis Peña, Carolina Rosado, Rafaela Salazar, Cynthia Tellez, Juan Carlos Chávez
Manifestaciones ungueales en relación con productos y procedimientos cosméticos
Publication date: August–September 2018
Source: Piel, Volume 33, Issue 7
Author(s): Gabriela Tapia, Cristina Martínez, Rosamary Soto
Estudio clínico de 3 familias con síndrome de Papillon-Lefèvre en Quito-Ecuador
Publication date: August–September 2018
Source: Piel, Volume 33, Issue 7
Author(s): Gabriela F. Cabezas Herrera, María J. Cantos Joza, Marlene G. Legña Zambrano, Xavier A. Obando Pasmiño, María F. Cantos Joza, Luis M. Abad Quevedo
Tricoepitelioma gigante solitario
Publication date: August–September 2018
Source: Piel, Volume 33, Issue 7
Author(s): J. Ignacio Pérez Ramos, M. Luisa Merino Ruiz, Eva Barranco López, Rafael Carvia Ponsaillé, Adela Aragón Outón
Síndrome de Rothmund-Thomson tipo 2 asociado a leiomiosarcoma
Publication date: August–September 2018
Source: Piel, Volume 33, Issue 7
Author(s): Jorge Rodas Flores, Daniel Sacoto Aguilera, Paola Vélez Pinos
Tratamiento de las verrugas genitales con isotretinoína oral en pacientes inmunodeprimidos
Publication date: August–September 2018
Source: Piel, Volume 33, Issue 7
Author(s): Adrián Ballano Ruiz, Adriana Martín Fuentes, Virginia Melgar Molero, Raquel Pérez Mesonero, Rocío Gil Redondo, Esther Eusebio Murillo
Eritema ab igne: algo más que una dermatosis autolimitada
Publication date: August–September 2018
Source: Piel, Volume 33, Issue 7
Author(s): Igor Vázquez-Osorio, Cristina Blanco-Quirós, Eloy Rodríguez-Díaz
Síndrome genitourinario de la menopausia. El papel del dermatólogo
Publication date: Available online 24 July 2018
Source: Piel
Author(s): Elena Querol Cisneros, María Elena Carrillo Auñón, Ignacio Querol Nasarre
Optimal strategies for bioremediation of nitrate-contaminated groundwater and microalgae biomass production
Abstract
Optimizing the mono-cultivation and mixed cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Chlorella vulgaris, and an Ettlia sp. was evaluated for treating nitrate-contaminated groundwater and biomass production. Ettlia sp. showed the highest nutrient assimilation and growth rate among the three microalgae during bioremediation. Light-dark cycle was the effective condition for nutrient removal and COD mitigation by microalgae. Mixed microalgae with a larger presence of the Ettlia sp. exhibited the highest biomass productivity, nitrate-nitrogen, and phosphate-phosphorus removal rates of 0.21 g/L/d, 16.6, and 3.06 mg/L/d, respectively. An N:P mass ratio of 5 was necessary to increase the mixed-microalgal performance. The settling efficiency of the mixed microalgae increased up to 0.55 when using pH modulation during 30 min. Therefore, applying an Ettlia sp.-dominant consortium was the optimum strategy for the bioremediation of nitrate-contaminated groundwater in 3 days.
Anatomical study of the location of the antilingula, lingula, and mandibular foramen for vertical ramus osteotomy
Abstract
Background
The purpose of this study was to identify the location of the antilingula, lingula, and mandibular foramen in Korean cadavers and to promote safe and accurate surgery without damage to the inferior alveolar neurovascular bundle (IANB) when performing a vertical ramus osteotomy (VRO).
Methods
This study was conducted on the dried mandibles of 20 adult cadavers. Digital calipers were used to measure the distances from the anatomical reference points (antilingula, lingula, and mandibular foramen).
Result
The antilingula was located at the anterior 44% and superior 31% in the ramus. The lingula was located at the anterior 55% and superior 30% in the ramus. The mandibular foramen was located at the anterior 58% and superior 46% in the ramus. Regarding the positional relationship with the antilingula, the lingula was located 0.54 mm superior and 4.19 mm posterior, and the mandibular foramen was located 6.95 mm inferior and 4.98 mm posterior. The results suggested that in order to prevent damage to the IANB, osteotomy should be performed in the posterior region of ramus at least 29% of the total horizontal length of the ramus.
Conclusion
Using only the antilingula as a reference point is not guaranteed to IANB injury. However, it is still important as a helpful reference point for the surgeon in the surgical field.
Antagonistic effects of Spirulina platensis on diazinon-induced hemato-biochemical alterations and oxidative stress in rats
Abstract
Spirulina platensis (SP) is a traditionally used microalga for a wide range of pharmacological activities, including amelioration of heavy metals and pesticides toxicity. This study evaluated the antioxidant and organoprotective effects of SP against diazinon (DZN)-induced subacute toxicity on the blood, heart, liver, and kidneys of male Wistar albino rats. Diazinon (20 mg/kg, subcutaneous) was administered to animals either alone or along with an oral pure SP powder at doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg. Alterations in hematological and serum biochemical parameters, as well as oxidative stress markers in the hepatic, renal, and cardiac tissues were evaluated, using colorimetric spectrophotometric techniques. The obtained results revealed that in comparison to the control group, DZN-treated rats exhibited significantly lower (p < 0.05) red blood cells and platelets counts, hemoglobin and hematocrit values, and activities of serum acetylcholinesterase and tissue antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase). Meanwhile, biochemical analysis showed significantly higher (p < 0.05) white blood cells count, serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α and cardiac [creatine kinase (CK) and CK-muscle/brain fraction], hepatic [transaminases and alkaline phosphatase], and renal [uric acid, urea and creatinine] injury markers, and tissue levels of malondialdehyde (a marker of lipid peroxidation) in the DZN-intoxicated group, compared to normal controls. Interestingly, the administration of SP significantly ameliorated the previous hemato-biochemical alterations and mitigated DZN-induced organ injuries and oxidative stress. In conclusion, the natural antioxidant microalga (SP) effectively alleviated the DZN-induced hematologic alterations and organ injuries, probably through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.
Biodiversity Assessment, DNA Barcoding, and the Minority Majority
Abstract
The majority of species on Earth are in "under-studied" groups, and indeed probably the majority of species remain undiscovered and undescribed. Species are natural units of evolution, and they are formed from branching phylogenetic processes that have a mathematical structure. So it follows that we should be able to develop a set of general principles that describe global patterns of species groups, like genera. Understanding such patterns would lend considerable power to the approach of "taxonomic surrogacy." In environmental assessments, ecology, and paleontology, it is common to substitute genus-level or family-level identification where definitive species identification is impractical. Clarity and confidence in fundamental patterns, based on a robust null model for species and genus level diversity, can accelerate species discovery: there are more species in the tropics, species-poor genera are very common, large genera are rare. Much hope has been placed in DNA barcoding as an effective tool to increase the pace of species discovery, but it is abundantly clear that certain mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers are more or less variable in different clades and universal threshold values are impractical to delimit species. This study further examines the patterns of divergence in one common mtDNA barcode fragment, cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1at the genus level. We compared pairwise divergence in this fragment between two animal clades that have similar species richness but different evolutionary histories: birds and bivalves. We analyzed quality controlled alignments of over 39,000 published sequences in 1223 genera. Median pairwise differences at the genus level are positively correlated with the species richness of a genus, and this is not dependent of the number of sequences sampled. Unsurprisingly, sequence divergence in vertebrates was far more constrained than in evolutionarily more ancient non-vertebrate clades. Differences among the groups examined highlight the need for DNA barcode approaches to be considered in the context of specific biological groups. Vertebrates are better studied, but not necessarily representative of the majority of biodiversity. A technique that provides powerful insights for vertebrate species may be ineffective for the majority of organisms.Silk sericin induced fabrication of reduced graphene oxide and its in-vitro cytotoxicity, photothermal evaluation
Publication date: Available online 24 July 2018
Source: Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology
Author(s): Sireesh Babu Maddinedi, Jegatheeswaran Sonamuthu, Serap Süzük, Guobin Han, Yurong Cai, Junkuo Gao, Qingqing Ni, Juming Yao
Abstract
Nowadays, photothermal agents have attained considerable attention in nanomedicine for the treatment of cancer after chemotherapy, surgery, biological therapy and radiotherapy. In this work, we showed a sericin-based, simple approach for synthesis of sericin functionalized reduced graphene oxide (SRGO) with low cytotoxicity and photo thermal efficiency. During the synthesis, the GO is deoxygenated in situ and functionalized by sericin, a low-cost, silk protein and concurrently forms SRGO. The subsequent SRGO disperse well in water with higher biocompatibility because of the decoration of sericin on graphene sheets. The prepared SRGO exhibited a good photothermal capacity with near-infrared laser irradiation (808 nm) for efficient killing of HeLa cells. Further, the synthesized SRGO could act as a promising material for photo thermal therapy applications in future.
Graphical abstract
Silk Sericin induced fabrication of reduced graphene oxide for photothermal therapy applications.
Potential anti-proliferative activity of AgNPs synthesized using M. longifolia in 4T1 cell line through ROS generation and cell membrane damage
Publication date: Available online 24 July 2018
Source: Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology
Author(s): Monaj Kumar Sarkar, Vellingiri Vadivel, Mamilla R. Charan Raja, Santanu Kar Mahapatra
Abstract
To overcome the problem of breast cancer, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized using Indian medicinal plant Madhuca longifolia could be explored as an alternative anticancer medicine. Synthesized AgNPs were studied their characteristics and their anti-proliferative property was investigated in breast cancer cell line (4T1). Based on zeta sizer analysis, the size of the AgNPs was 103.5 nm and potential −9.57 eV. Fe-SEM results showed particle size of 69.4–99.4 nm while TEM images indicated the particle size of 18–24 nm. In dose-dependent study, AgNPs showed 93% of anti-proliferative activity at 50 μg/ml whereas the methanolic extract of M. longifolia showed 80% activity only at 10-fold increased concentration (500 μg/ml). AgNPs exhibited higher level of cytotoxicity in breast cancer cell line than extract through cell wall degradation and ROS generation. Such effective AgNPs could be investigated further through in vivo models with a view to develop anticancer drug.
Comparison of integrated sustainable biodiesel and antibacterial nano silver production by microalgal and yeast isolates
Publication date: Available online 24 July 2018
Source: Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology
Author(s): V. Ananthi, G. Siva Prakash, K. Mohan Rasu, K. Gangadevi, T. Boobalan, Rathinam Raja, K. Anand, M. Sudhakar, Anil Chuturgoon, A. Arun
Abstract
Microalgal isolates (Chlorella sp. and Spirulina sp.) and yeast isolates (Candida albicans and Saccharomyces sp.) were employed as the resources of biodiesel production and silver nanoparticle synthesis. The prominent peaks of the FTIR spectrum accustomed the efficient lipid property. The developed profile containing fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) displayed the elevated amount of both saturated (C15:0, C17:0, C21:0) and unsaturated (C17:1, C18:2, C20:4) fatty acids. The physicochemical properties analyzed by using Biodiesel analyzer V1.1.software, confirmed the competency of the isolates for sustainable biodiesel production. Biosynthesis of silvernanoparticles (AgNPs) were accomplished extracellularly by using supernatant of microalgal and yeast culture. The maximum absorbance at 420 and 421 nm under UV–visible spectra showed the presence of nanoparticles. The purity of the synthesized AgNPs were analyzed by XRD analysis. The elemental silver presence was affirmed by EDAX, SEM and AFM, the results revealed spherical crystalline shaped nanoparticles of size ranging from 2.0 to 7.3 nm. The antimicrobial efficacy of the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against various clinical pathogens which includes Bacillus sp., E. coli, Klebsiella sp., Proteus sp. and Staphylococcus aureus were observed. However, enhanced antimicrobial activity was displayed by the AgNPs, produced by Candida albicans (12 mm) against Bacillus sp., and E.coli, the nanoparticle produced by Chlorella sp. showed the least antagonistic activity (07 mm).
Graphical Abstract
Colgajo de Limberg en la región auricular: una solución quirúrgica en una localización anatómica complicada
Publication date: Available online 26 March 2018
Source: Piel
Author(s): David Lopez-Delgado, Carlos Cuenca-Barrales, Soledad Saenz-Guirado, Ricardo Ruiz-Villaverde
Telangiectasia esencial generalizada con lesiones afectando las estrías del abdomen
Publication date: Available online 23 March 2018
Source: Piel
Author(s): Benigno Monteagudo, Alejandro Vilas-Sueiro, María Teresa Mosquera-Martínez, Víctor Manuel López-Mouriño
Queratosis pilar: una revisión
Publication date: Available online 21 March 2018
Source: Piel
Author(s): Alejandro Freundlich, Fernando Valenzuela
Lupus neonatal de aparición tardía. Una variante infrecuente y subdiagnosticada
Publication date: Available online 13 March 2018
Source: Piel
Author(s): Jonathan Stevens Gonzalez, Ligia Aranibar Durán, Claudia Morales Huber, Javiera Pizarro Olave
Light-sheet microscopy reveals site-specific 3-dimensional patterns of the cutaneous vasculature and pronounced rarefication in aged skin
The skin has a 3-dimensional structure that includes several appendages, such as sweat glands and sebaceous glands, as well as lymphatic and blood vessels and nerves. In spite of its complex three-dimensional structure, histological studies of the skin, including quantitative analyses of specific cell types and structures, predominantly use two-dimensional sections. Thus, for example the tortuosity of a blood vessel is not captured in histological sections [1]. Recently, tissue clearing methods have been developed, rendering tissues translucent, as tools to visualize the 3-dimensional structure of vessels and nerves in various tissues, including brain, kidney and skin, and even in an entire mouse [2].
Allergic Contact Dermatitis To Personal Care Products And Topical Medications In Adults With Atopic Dermatitis
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is associated with skin-barrier disruption, immune dysregulation, and application of emollients and topical medications, which may predispose towards developing allergic contact dermatitis (ACD).
Changes in microbial communities during the removal of natural and synthetic glucocorticoids in three types of river-based aquifer media
Abstract
Glucocorticoids in sewage treatment plant effluent discharged into rivers could influence microbial community structure in river-based aquifer media and affect groundwater quality. The effect of representative natural and synthetic glucocorticoids, namely, hydrocortisone (CRL) and dexamethasone (DEX), on the microbial communities in three types of river-based aquifer media was evaluated. The aquifer media was taken from the Beijing Chaobai River (BJ), Hebei Hutuo River (HB), and Tianjin Duliujian River (TJ) and they exhibited different physicochemical and biological properties. The attenuation rates of CRL were 0.175, 0.119, and 0.096 day−1 and for DEX were 0.222, 0.151, and 0.113 day−1 in the media from BJ, HB, and TJ, respectively. All the attenuation rates followed first-order kinetics. The biodiversity decreased significantly with CRL and DEX amendment. The microbial community composition differed in relation to the type of aquifer media and glucocorticoids, especially for BJ at the phylum level. In BJ, the major bacterial genus was Bacillus and in HB it was Rhodobacter. However, in TJ, three bacterial genera (Methylophilus, Methylobacillus, and Methylotenera) and Candidatus_Nitrososphaera were predominant in the microflora. All these genera were able to degrade both CRL and DEX. Distance-based redundancy analysis revealed that total organic carbon (TOC), the type of glucocorticoid, and the pH were the main factors explaining the variations in microbial community composition.
Cultivating Collaborations: Site Specific Design for Embodied Science Learning
Abstract
Immersion in well-designed outdoor environments can foster the habits of mind that enable critical and authentic scientific questions to take root in students' minds. Here we share two design cases in which careful, collaborative, and intentional design of outdoor learning environments for informal inquiry provide people of all ages with embodied opportunities to learn about the natural world, developing the capacity for understanding ecology and the ability to empathize, problem-solve, and reflect. Embodied learning, as facilitated by and in well-designed outdoor learning environments, leads students to develop new ways of seeing, new scientific questions, new ways to connect with ideas, with others, and new ways of thinking about the natural world. Using examples from our collaborative practises as experiential learning designers, we illustrate how creating the habits of mind critical to creating scientists, science-interested, and science-aware individuals benefits from providing students spaces to engage in embodied learning in nature. We show how public landscapes designed in creative partnerships between educators, scientists, designers, and the public have potential to amplify science learning for all.Exposing the Science in Citizen Science: Fitness to Purpose and Intentional Design
Abstract
Citizen science is a growing phenomenon. With millions of people involved and billions of in-kind dollars contributed annually, this broad extent, fine grain approach to data collection should be garnering enthusiastic support in the mainstream science and higher education communities. However, many academic researchers demonstrate distinct biases against the use of citizen science as a source of rigorous information. To engage the public in scientific research, and the research community in the practice of citizen science, a mutual understanding is needed of accepted quality standards in science, and the corresponding specifics of project design and implementation when working with a broad public base. We define a science-based typology focused on the degree to which projects deliver the type(s) and quality of data/work needed to produce valid scientific outcomes directly useful in science and natural resource management. Where project intent includes direct contribution to science and the public is actively involved either virtually or hands-on, we examine the measures of quality assurance (methods to increase data quality during the design and implementation phases of a project) and quality control (post hoc methods to increase the quality of scientific outcomes). We suggest that high quality science can be produced with massive, largely one–off, participation if data collection is simple and quality control includes algorithm voting, statistical pruning, and/or computational modeling. Small to mid-scale projects engaging participants in repeated, often complex, sampling can advance quality through expert-led training and well-designed materials, and through independent verification. Both approaches—simplification at scale and complexity with care—generate more robust science outcomes.Can China fulfill its commitment to reducing carbon dioxide emissions in the Paris Agreement? Analysis based on a back-propagation neural network
Abstract
Due to the increasingly severe situation regarding adaptation to climate change, global attention has focused on whether China can fulfill its commitment to the Paris Agreement as the largest producer of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. In this study, the CO2 emissions and CO2 intensities in China during 2030 were forecast using three scenarios, seven indicators, and a back-propagation neural network. Under the business as usual (BAU), strategic planning (SP), and low carbon (LC) scenarios, the predicted CO2 emissions in China during 2030 are 13,908.00, 11,837.60, and 9102.50 million tonnes, respectively, and the predicted CO2 intensities are 1.8652, 1.7405, and 1.5382 when considering carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS). Furthermore, China cannot fulfill its commitment under the BAU scenario, whereas China will fulfill its commitment on schedule under the SP scenario. Under the LC scenario, China will fulfill its commitment ahead of schedule to reduce the CO2 intensity by 60% in 2025, and it will even reduce the CO2 intensity by 65% in 2030. In addition, if the amounts of CCUS are not considered for measuring the CO2 intensity, China can still fulfill its commitment under the LC scenario, whereas it cannot fulfill its commitment by 2030 under the SP scenario. This study evaluated the fulfillment of China's commitment in the Paris Agreement, demonstrated that CCUS plays an important role in reducing the CO2 intensity, and provided policy suggestions for the Chinese government regarding the reductions of the CO2 intensity.
Reprogramming of Th1 cells into regulatory T cells through rewiring of the metabolic status
Abstract
T helper type 1 (Th1) cells form one of the most stable CD4 T-cell subsets, and direct conversion of fully differentiated Th1 to regulatory T (Treg) cells has been poorly investigated. Here, we established a culture method for inducing Foxp3 from Th1 cells of mice and humans. This is achieved simply by resting Th1 cells without T-cell receptor ligation before stimulation in the presence of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β). We named the resulting Th1-derived Foxp3+ cells Th1reg cells. Mouse Th1reg cells showed an inducible Treg-like phenotype and suppressive ability both in vitro and in vivo. Th1reg cells could also be induced from in vivo-developed mouse Th1 cells. Unexpectedly, the resting process enabled Foxp3 expression not through epigenetic changes at the locus, but through metabolic change resulting from reduced mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activity. mTORC1 suppressed TGF-β-induced phosphorylation of Smad2/3 in Th1 cells, which was restored in rested cells. Our study warrants future research aiming at development of immunotherapy with Th1reg cells.STAT4 is required for the generation of Th1 and Th2, but not Th17 immune responses during monophosphoryl lipid A adjuvant activity
International Immunology, Volume 28, Issue 11, 1 November 2016, Pages 565–570, https://doi.org/10.1093/intimm/dxw038
Meningeal lymphatics: recent discovery defying the concept of central nervous system 'immune privilege'
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By Jennifer Sokolowski, MD, PhD.
Identification and characterization of meningeal lymphatics
The recent discovery of a lymphatic system in the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord has spurred a surge of interest in and has redefined our understanding of immunity in the central nervous system (CNS).1,2 The lymphatic system in the brain is composed of is composed of the glymphatic system and meningeal lymphatic vessels.3 The glymphatic system involves convective flow of cerebral spinal fluid and interstitial fluid and uses para-arterial flux to clear solutes and metabolites from the brain parenchyma. In concert, the meninges harbor bona fide lymphatic vessels and contribute to transport and drainage of immune cells, fluid, and small molecules from the brain to the CNS-draining lymph nodes.
Recent studies describe the development of meningeal lymphatics in mice. In the work by Anitla et al., they show that meningeal lymphatics in mice develop by postnatal day 21. As is true in the peripheral lymphatic system, meningeal lymphatics are localized adjacent to the vascular structures and seem to rely on signals from vascular smooth muscle cells, specifically VEGF-C, for proper development and maintenance. In this study, they use a host of markers to delineate meningeal lymphatics, including antibodies to Prox-1, LYVE-1, CCL21, and podoplanin, as well as Prox1-eGFP reporter mice.4
Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence: PROX1 Antibody [NBP1-18605] - Frozen sections of a mouse embryo at day 13.5 with anti-CD31 [green] and anti-human Prox-1 [red]. It shows a large lymphatic vessel (lv), blood vessels (arrows) and a sympathetic ganglion (sg) which is also positive for Prox-1.
Studies in meninges from humans and non-human primates have also shown that lymphatic vessels lie adjacent vascular structures. Immunohistochemistry with antibodies to Prox1, LYVE-1, and podoplanin have shown that the lymphatic vessels parallel the venous sinuses.5
Markers of meningeal lymphatic cells
- Prox-1, prospero homeobox protein 1, is a homeobox transcription factor expressed in lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) that is thought to be involved in gene transcriptional regulation and cell fate determination.6
- Lyve-1, lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1, also known as extracellular link domain containing 1, is a hyaluronan receptor expressed in LECs that is thought to play a role in hyaluronan clearance and hyaluronan-mediated leukocyte adhesion, although this is controversial.6,7
- CCL21, chemokine-ligand 21, expressed and secreted by LECs, is thought to play an important role in transmigration of dendritic cells.8
- VEGF R3, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3, is a tyrosine kinase receptor that drives LEC development and maintenance through signaling from the ligand VEGF-C.4
- Podoplanin is an integral membrane glycoprotein which appears to play a role in lymphatic patterning and separation from blood vessels.6
Significance
Clearance of metabolites, antigens, and immune cells likely plays a critical role in CNS pathology in a variety of contexts, including cancers, infections, neurodegenerative diseases, and other injuries to the brain such as trauma and stroke. Studies characterizing the CNS lymphatic system may provide insight and ideas for new interventions and treatment options to treat CNS diseases.
Jennifer Sokolowski, MD, PhD
University of Virginia, Department of Neurosurgery
Jennifer is doing a postdoc while completing her residency in Neurosurgery and has background in basic science, specifically neuroscience, cell death, and immunology, as well as background in medicine and translational and clinical research.
References
- Louveau A, Smirnov I, Keyes TJ, Eccles JD, Rouhani SJ, Peske JD, Derecki NC, Castle D, Mandell JW, Lee KS, Harris TH, Kipnis J. Structural and functional features of central nervous system lymphatic vessels. Nature. 2015 Jul 16;523(7560):337-41.
- Aspelund A, Antila S, Proulx ST, Karlsen TV, Karaman S, Detmar M, Wiig H, Alitalo K. A dural lymphatic vascular system that drains brain interstitial fluid and macromolecules. J Exp Med. 2015 Jun 29;212(7):991-9.
- Louveau A, Plog BA, Antila S, Alitalo K, Nedergaard M, Kipnis J. Understanding the functions and relationships of the glymphatic system and meningeal lymphatics. J Clin Invest. 2017 Sep 1;127(9):3210-3219
- Antila S, Karaman S, Nurmi H, Airavaara M, Voutilainen MH, Mathivet T, Chilov D, Li Z, Koppinen T, Park JH, Fang S, Aspelund A, Saarma M, Eichmann A, Thomas JL, Alitalo K. Development and plasticity of meningeal lymphatic vessels. J Exp Med. 2017 Dec 4;214(12):3645-3667.
- Absinta M, Ha SK, Nair G, Sati P, Luciano NJ, Palisoc M, Louveau A, Zaghloul KA, Pittaluga S, Kipnis J, Reich DS. Human and nonhuman primate meninges harbor lymphatic vessels that can be visualized noninvasively by MRI. Elife. 2017 Oct 3;6.
- Jha SK, Rauniyar K, Jeltsch M. Key molecules in lymphatic development, function, and identification. Ann Anat. 2018 May 26;219:25-34.
- Johnson LA, Prevo R, Clasper S, Jackson DG. Inflammation-induced uptake and degradation of the lymphatic endothelial hyaluronan receptor LYVE-1. J Biol Chem. 2007 Nov 16;282(46):33671-80.
- Johnson LA, Jackson DG. Inflammation-induced secretion of CCL21 in lymphatic endothelium is a key regulator of integrin-mediated dendritic cell transmigration. Int Immunol. 2010 Oct;22(10):839-49
Category:
Transabdominal ultrasound elastography of the esophagogastric junction predicts reflux esophagitis
Abstract
Purpose
Abdominal ultrasound (US) can visualize the esophagogastric junction (EGJ) as a hyperechoic area in the dorsal portion of the lateral segment of the liver. We prospectively evaluated the EGJ using US elastography (US-EG) in patients with reflux esophagitis (RE) to examine prediction of distal esophageal function.
Methods
Of 108 patients undergoing US-EG and esophagogastroduodenoscopy, 102 in whom the EGJ was observed for ≥ 15 s were included. The subjects were divided into a RE group (n = 41, Grade M/A/B:24/13/4 according to modified Los Angeles Classification) and a non-RE group (n = 61). Direct strain elastography (LOGIQ E9, GE Healthcare), which gives a semi-quantitative elasticity index within a region of interest including the lateral segment, was used as a standard for measurement of the change in stiffness (CS) at the EGJ.
Results
The number of CS as determined by US-EG was 6.0 (5.5–6.7) in the RE group and 8.6 (6.6–10.0) in the non-RE group (P < 0.0001). In ROC analysis, the AUC was 0.8415 for diagnosis of RE using the number of CS. At a cut-off of 7.7, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for diagnosis were 92.7, 65.6, and 74.5%, respectively.
Conclusion
The presence of RE can be predicted based on US-EG.
AR in VR: assessing surgical augmented reality visualizations in a steerable virtual reality environment
Abstract
Purpose
Augmented reality (AR) has emerged as a promising approach to support surgeries; however, its application in real world scenarios is still very limited. Besides sophisticated registration tasks that need to be solved, surgical AR visualizations have not been studied in a standardized and comparative manner. To foster the development of future AR applications, a steerable framework is urgently needed to rapidly evaluate new visualization techniques, explore their individual parameter spaces and define relevant application scenarios.
Methods
Inspired by its beneficial usage in the automotive industry, the underlying concept of virtual reality (VR) is capable of transforming complex real environments into controllable virtual ones. We present an interactive VR framework, called Augmented Visualization Box (AVB), in which visualizations for AR can be systematically investigated without explicitly performing an error-prone registration. As use case, a virtual laparoscopic scenario with anatomical surface models was created in a computer game engine. In a study with eleven surgeons, we analyzed this VR setting under different environmental factors and its applicability for a quantitative assessment of different AR overlay concepts.
Results
According to the surgeons, the visual impression of the VR scene is mostly influenced by 2D surface details and lighting conditions. The AR evaluation shows that, depending on the visualization used and its capability to encode depth, 37% to 91% of the experts made wrong decisions, but were convinced of their correctness. These results show that surgeons have more confidence in their decisions, although they are wrong, when supported by AR visualizations.
Conclusion
With AVB, intraoperative situations are realistically simulated to quantitatively benchmark current AR overlay methods. Successful surgical task execution in an AR system can only be facilitated if visualizations are customized toward the surgical task.
Perceptual Co-Reference
Abstract
The perceptual system estimates distal conditions based upon proximal sensory input. It typically exploits information from multiple cues across and within modalities: it estimates shape based upon visual and haptic cues; it estimates depth based upon convergence, binocular disparity, motion parallax, and other visual cues; and so on. Bayesian models illuminate the computations through which the perceptual system combines sensory cues. I review key aspects of these models. Based on my review, I argue that we should posit co-referring perceptual representations corresponding to distinct sensory cues. For example, the perceptual system represents a distal size using a representation canonically linked with vision and a distinct representation canonically linked with touch. Distinct co-referring perceptual representations represent the same denotation, but they do so under different modes of presentation. Bayesian cue combination models demonstrate that psychological explanation of perception should attend to mode of presentation and not simply to denotation.
Successful Sebelipase-alfa Desensitization in a Pediatric Patient
Publication date: Available online 24 July 2018
Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice
Author(s): Ilknur Kulhas Celik, Aynur Kucukcongar Yavas, Ozlem Unal Uzun, Betul Siyah Bilgin, Emine Dibek Misirlioglu, Mehmet Gunduz
Baked Egg Oral Immunotherapy Desensitizes Baked Egg Allergic Children to Lightly Cooked Egg
Publication date: Available online 24 July 2018
Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice
Author(s): J. Andrew Bird, April Clark, Irene Dougherty, L. Steven Brown, Amy Arneson, Maria Crain, Christopher Parrish
Could Chiggers be Contributing to the Prevalence of Galactose-Alpha-1,3-Galactose Sensitization and Mammalian Meat Allergy?
Publication date: Available online 24 July 2018
Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice
Author(s): Lindsey P. Stoltz, Leslie M. Cristiano, Ashley P.G. Dowling, Jeffrey M. Wilson, Thomas A.E. Platts-Mills, Russell S. Traister
Prospective evaluation of incobotulinumtoxinA in the management of the masseter using two different injection techniques.
Prospective evaluation of incobotulinumtoxinA in the management of the masseter using two different injection techniques.
Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2018;11:347-356
Authors: Nikolis A, Enright KM, Masouri S, Bernstein S, Antoniou C
Abstract
Background: IncobotulinumtoxinA (Xeomin Cosmetic®) has been used previously in the management of masseteric hypertrophy. However, a standardized injection technique has not been established. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of two injection techniques in the management of masseteric hypertrophy using incobotulinumtoxinA.
Methods: Thirty female patients with masseteric hypertrophy were recruited and evenly randomized to receive bilateral treatments of either a single-injection technique (SIT) or a multiinjection technique (MIT). Improvement of masseteric hypertrophy was assessed at week 16 using standardized measurements and photographs. Patients completed a 5-point satisfaction questionnaire while physicians completed the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS) and 10-point photonumeric masseter prominence rating scale.
Results: There were no significant differences in physician ratings on the photonumeric scale and GAIS between the SIT and MIT groups. Results of the standardized measurements also revealed no significant difference between injection techniques. Majority of patients at every visit reported being "satisfied" with treatment results. Clinically, the number and severity of adverse events were similar between groups.
Conclusion: This study supports the noninferiority of both SIT and MIT with regard to efficacy and safety in the management of masseteric hypertrophy, using incobotulinumtoxinA.
PMID: 30034247 [PubMed]
Expert Consensus on The Management of Dermatophytosis in India (ECTODERM India)
Abstract
Background
Dermatophytosis management has become an important public health issue, with a large void in research in the area of disease pathophysiology and management. Current treatment recommendations appear to lose their relevance in the current clinical scenario. The objective of the current consensus was to provide an experience-driven approach regarding the diagnosis and management of tinea corporis, cruris and pedis.
Methods
Eleven experts in the field of clinical dermatology and mycology participated in the modified Delphi process consisting of two workshops and five rounds of questionnaires, elaborating definitions, diagnosis and management. Panel members were asked to mark "agree" or "disagree" beside each statement, and provide comments. More than 75% of concordance in response was set to reach the consensus.
Result
KOH mount microscopy was recommended as a point of care testing. Fungal culture was recommended in chronic, recurrent, relapse, recalcitrant and multisite tinea cases. Topical monotherapy was recommended for naïve tinea cruris and corporis (localised) cases, while a combination of systemic and topical antifungals was recommended for naïve and recalcitrant tinea pedis, extensive lesions of corporis and recalcitrant cases of cruris and corporis. Because of the anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and broad spectrum activity, topical azoles should be preferred. Terbinafine and itraconazole should be the preferred systemic drugs. Minimum duration of treatment should be 2–4 weeks in naïve cases and > 4 weeks in recalcitrant cases. Topical corticosteroid use in the clinical practice of tinea management was strongly discouraged.
Conclusion
This consensus guideline will help to standardise care, provide guidance on the management, and assist in clinical decision-making for healthcare professionals.
Ausreichende Schmerztherapie in der Sterbephase
Zusammenfassung
Die Therapie in der Sterbephase umfasst immer die Beachtung der physischen, psychischen, sozialen und spirituellen Bedürfnisse. Schmerzen können Ausdruck von Leiden auf allen 4 Ebenen sein. Die Therapie muss daher grundsätzlich neben medikamentösen Methoden auch angstlindernde Gespräche, Integration der Angehörigen in die Begleitung und seelsorgerliche Unterstützung beinhalten. Der Zustand des Patienten muss regelmäßig, in der Terminalphase bedarfsorientiert stündlich oder öfter evaluiert werden. Notfallsituationen können meist antizipiert werden. Adäquate Bedarfsanordnungen ermöglichen den Pflegenden eine rasche und suffiziente Symptomlinderung. Angehörige müssen in die Begleitung mit einbezogen werden. Regelmäßige Gesprächsangebote verhindern Ängste, Missverständnisse und erschwerte Trauer. Das Team kann durch regelmäßige Supervisionen unterstützt werden.
‘How to Write as Felt’ Touching Transmaterialities and More-Than-Human Intimacies
Abstract
In this paper, I invoke various matterings of felt in order to generate a practice of writing that engenders bodily difference that is affective, moving, and wooly. In attending to 'how to write as felt,' as a touching encounter, I consider how human and nonhuman matter composes (Haraway in Staying with the trouble: making Kin in the Chthulucene, Duke University Press, Durham, 2016). This co-mingling that felt performs enacts what Alaimo (Bodily natures: science, environment, and the material self, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 2010; Exposed: Environmental politics and pleasures in posthuman times, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 2016) calls transcorporeality. Connecting felt with theories of touch and transcorporeality becomes a way to open up and re-configure different bodily imaginaries, both human and nonhuman, that are radically immanent and intensive; as an assemblage of forces and flows that open bodies to helices and trans connections (Springgay and Truman in Body Soc 23(4):27–58, 2017b). My contribution to this collection on 'humanity in a posthuman age' is experimental and performative. Felt is activated not as a metaphor but rather poses questions about what writing does at the interstices between research and creation.
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