Analysis of 28 trace elements in the blood and serum antioxidant status in chickens under arsenic and/or copper exposure

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the 28 trace elements in the blood and serum antioxidant status in chickens under arsenic (As) and/or copper (Cu) exposure. A total of 200 1-day-old male Hy-Line chickens were fed either a commercial diet (C-group) or arsenic trioxide (30 mg/kg) and/or cupric sulfate (300 mg/kg) for 90 days. The 28 trace element levels in the blood were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The concentrations of As in the blood of chickens were elevated approximately 17.15-fold, 2.30-fold, and 13.37-fold in the As-group, Cu-group, and As + Cu-group, respectively, at 90 days. The concentrations of Cu did not change in the As-group and increased approximately 29.53 and 23.37% in the Cu-group and As + Cu-group, respectively, at 90 days. Moreover, As exposure caused ion profile disorders in the blood, including increased concentrations of Na, Mg, Si, K, Cr, Fe, and Se and reduced B, Ca, Ti, V, Mn, Co, Ni, Zn, Sr, and Mo. Cu exposure increased the contents of Mg, Si, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Zn, and Se and decreased the content of B, Ca, Al, Ni, and Mo. As + Cu exposure increased the contents of Mg, Si, Cr, Fe, Zn, and Se and decreased the content of B, Ca, Ti, Co, Ni, Sr, and Mo. Moreover, As and/or Cu exposure induced oxidative stress in the blood of chickens. In conclusion, the results indicated that the mixture of As and Cu caused a synergistic effect via disturbing homeostasis of trace elements and oxidative stress in the blood of chickens.

A 12-Year Follow-up on the Long-Term Effectiveness of the Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus Vaccine in 4 Nordic Countries

Abstract

Background

The long-term effectiveness of the quadrivalent human papillomavirus (qHPV) vaccine was assessed by monitoring the combined incidence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2, CIN3), adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), and cervical cancer related to HPV16 or HPV18.

Methods

Women from Nordic countries of Denmark, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden who received a 3-dose regimen of the qHPV vaccine in the beginning of FUTURE II (Females United to Unilaterally Reduce Endo/Ectocervical Disease; V501-015, base study NCT00092534) are followed through different national registries. Effectiveness analyses were conducted approximately 2 years following completion of the base study and occur approximately every 2 years thereafter for 10 years (ie, 14 years from day 1 of the base study). Vaccine effectiveness against HPV16/18-related CIN2 or worse (CIN2+) was estimated by comparing the observed incidence with the expected incidence of CIN2+ in an unvaccinated cohort using historical registry data.

Results

In the per-protocol population (2084 women) analysis of effectiveness after the first 12 years, there were no breakthrough cases of HPV16/18 CIN2+ after 9437 person- years of follow-up. Statistical power was sufficient to conclude that qHPV vaccine effectiveness remains above 90% for at least 10 years. The number of person-years during the follow-up interval of 10–12 years is continuing to accrue and shows a trend toward continuing effectiveness of the vaccine during that period.

Conclusion

The qHPV vaccine shows continued protection in women through at least 10 years, with a trend for continued protection through 12 years of follow-up.

Clinical Trials Registration

NCT00092534.

Study Identification

V501-015

Estudio observacional de seguridad, prospectivo y unicéntrico para determinar la capacidad alergogénica de Mercromina Film® y otros antisépticos de uso común en pacientes con dermatitis de contacto

Publication date: Available online 30 September 2017
Source:Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas
Author(s): S. Baltà Cruz, N. Moreno Ribera, M.T. Estrach Panella
IntroducciónPese al uso tan extendido de la Mercromina Film^® y otros antisépticos de uso tópico, estos no se encuentran incluidos en la serie estándar española del Grupo Español de Investigación en Dermatitis de Contacto y Alergia Cutánea, realizada ante sospecha de dermatitis alérgica de contacto. Además, no existen estudios recientes sobre capacidad alergogénica de la merbromina, motivo por el que se plantea la presente investigación.ObjetivoDeterminar la capacidad alergénica de la merbromina y compararla con la de los otros antisépticos de uso tópico frecuentemente utilizados en la práctica clínica, entre los que se incluye la povidona iodada, clorhexidina y eosina.Material y métodosEstudio observacional de seguridad, prospectivo y unicéntrico realizado en 105 pacientes con sospecha de dermatitis alérgica de contacto que acudieron a la consulta del departamento de dermatología.ResultadosEl 1,9% de los participantes presentó dermatitis alérgica de contacto a la merbromina. El 12,4% de los pacientes presentó sensibilización ante la povidona iodada. Las diferencias entre el porcentaje de pacientes que presentó dermatitis alérgica de contacto a Betadine^® solución dérmica respecto al resto de antisépticos fueron estadísticamente significativas (prueba de McNemar; p<0,05). No se registraron efectos adversos con ninguno de los antisépticos en estudio.ConclusionesMercromina Film ha demostrado una muy baja capacidad alergénica en la prueba de patch test. Cuando se comparan con otros antisépticos tópicos, la mayor capacidad alergénica se encontró con la povidona iodada.IntroductionAlthough Mercromina Film and other topical antiseptics are widely used, they are not included in the standard series recommended by the Spanish Contact Dermatitis and Skin Allergy Research Group for testing suspected allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). Furthermore, no recent studies have investigated the allergenic potential of merbromin.ObjectiveTo determine the allergenic potential of merbromin and compare it with that of other topical antiseptics widely used in clinical practice, including povidone-iodine, chlorhexidine, and eosin.Material and methodsProspective single-center observational safety study of 105 patients with suspected ACD seen at the dermatology department of our hospital.ResultsOf the 105 patients studied, 1.9% had a positive patch test to merbromin and 12.4% were sensitized to povidone-iodine. The differences in the proportion of patients with ACD to Betadine Solución Dérmica (povidone-iodine) compared with the rest of the antiseptics was statistically significant (McNemar test, P<.05). No adverse reactions were observed in any of the patients.ConclusionsBased on the patch tests conducted, Mercromina Film has very low allergenic potential. The highest allergenic potential was observed for povidone-iodine.

Clausena anisata and Dysphania ambrosioides essential oils: from ethno-medicine to modern uses as effective insecticides

Abstract

Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants (Amaranthaceae) and Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook. f. ex Benth. (Rutaceae) are two aromatic species traditionally used in Cameroon to repel and kill insects. The present work was carried out to substantiate this traditional use and to evaluate the possible incorporation in commercial botanical insecticides of their essential oils (EOs). The EOs were distilled from leaves of C. anisata and aerial parts of D. ambrosioides and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The insecticidal activity of both EOs was investigated against the filariasis vector, Culex quinquefasciatus, and the housefly, Musca domestica. As possible mode of action, the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by the two EOs was investigated as well. The D. ambrosioides EO was characterized by the monoterpene peroxide ascaridole (61.4%) and the aromatic p-cymene (29.0%), whereas the C. anisata EO was dominated by the phenylpropanoids (E)-anethole (64.6%) and (E)-methyl isoeugenol (16.1%). The C. anisata EO proved to be very toxic to third instar larvae of C. quinquefasciatus showing LC₅₀ of 29.3 μl/l, whereas D. ambrosioides EO was more toxic to adults of M. domestica showing a LD₅₀ of 51.7 μg/adult. The mixture of both EOs showed a significant synergistic effect against mosquito larvae with LC₅₀ estimated as 19.3 μl/l, whereas this phenomenon was not observed upon application to M. domestica adults (LD₅₀ = 75.9 μg/adult). Of the two EOs, the D. ambrosioides one provided a good inhibition of AChE (IC₅₀ = 77 μg/ml), whereas C. anisata oil was not effective. These findings provide new evidences supporting the ethno-botanical use of these two Cameroonian plants, and their possible application even in synergistic binary blends, to develop new eco-friendly, safe and effective herbal insecticides.

Removal of industrial dyes and heavy metals by Beauveria bassiana : FTIR, SEM, TEM and AFM investigations with Pb(II)

Abstract

Presence of industrial dyes and heavy metal as a contaminant in environment poses a great risk to human health. In order to develop a potential technology for remediation of dyes (Reactive remazol red, Yellow 3RS, Indanthrene blue and Vat novatic grey) and heavy metal [Cu(II), Ni(II), Cd(II), Zn(II), Cr(VI) and Pb(II)] contamination, present study was performed with entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana (MTCC no. 4580). High dye removal (88–97%) was observed during the growth of B. bassiana while removal percentage for heavy metals ranged from 58 to 75%. Further, detailed investigations were performed with Pb(II) in terms of growth kinetics, effect of process parameters and mechanism of removal. Growth rate decreased from 0.118 h⁻¹ (control) to 0.031 h⁻¹, showing 28% reduction in biomass at 30 mg L⁻¹ Pb(II) with 58.4% metal removal. Maximum Pb(II) removal was observed at 30 °C, neutral pH and 30 mg L⁻¹ initial metal concentration. FTIR analysis indicated the changes induced by Pb(II) in functional groups on biomass surface. Further, microscopic analysis (SEM and atomic force microscopy (AFM)) was performed to understand the changes in cell surface morphology of the fungal cell. SEM micrograph showed a clear deformation of fungal hyphae, whereas AFM studies proved the increase in surface roughness (RSM) in comparison to control cell. Homogenous bioaccumulation of Pb(II) inside the fungal cell was clearly depicted by TEM-high-angle annular dark field coupled with EDX. Present study provides an insight into the mechanism of Pb(II) bioremediation and strengthens the significance of using entomopathogenic fungus such as B. bassiana for metal and dye removal.

A novel 2-day desensitization protocol to oral mesalamine

Publication date: Available online 30 September 2017
Source:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice
Author(s): Christine Marie Panganiban, Deena Pourang, Shefali Anil Samant

Step-Down Therapy for Asthma Well Controlled on Inhaled Corticosteroid and Long-Acting Beta-Agonist: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Publication date: Available online 30 September 2017
Source:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice
Author(s): Linda Rogers, Elizabeth A. Sugar, Kathryn Blake, Mario Castro, Emily Dimango, Nicola A. Hanania, Kyle I. Happel, Stephen P. Peters, Joan Reibman, Joy Saams, W. Gerald Teague, Robert A. Wise, Janet T. Holbrook
BackgroundStepping down therapy when asthma is well controlled on combination inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) and long-acting beta-agonists (LABAs) is recommended, but it is not known whether lowering the ICS dose or stopping LABA is superior.ObjectiveTo evaluate whether step-down therapy with LABA is superior to one without; and, secondarily, to evaluate whether reducing the ICS dose while maintaining LABA is noninferior to remaining on stable-ICS/LABA.MethodsThe study was a randomized, double-masked 3-arm parallel group trial in participants aged 12 years or older. Following an 8-week run-in, 459 participants were randomly assigned to continue medium-dose ICS/LABA, reduced-dose ICS/LABA, or ICS alone (LABA-step-off) and followed for 48 weeks. The primary outcome was time to treatment failure, a composite of health care utilization, systemic corticosteroid use, increase in rescue therapy, decline in lung function, or participant or physician decision.ResultsTime to treatment failure did not differ significantly between reduced- ICS/LABA and LABA-step-off (hazard ratio, 1.07; 95.3% CI, 0.69-1.65, P = .76). Nor was there a difference between stable-ICS/LABA and reduced-ICS/LABA (hazard ratio, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.70-1.76; P = .67), but the 10% noninferiority margin was exceeded. Lung function declines and hospitalization rates were significantly greater in the LABA-step-off group.ConclusionsThe 2 step-down regimens did not differ in terms of treatment failure, although stopping LABA was associated with a decline in lung function and more hospitalizations. There was no evidence to support the noninferiority of reduced-ICS/LABA as compared with stable-ICS/LABA.

Evaluating the toxic effects of three priority hazardous and noxious substances (HNS) to rotifer Brachionus plicatilis

Abstract

Hazardous and noxious substances (HNS) spill in the marine environment is an issue of growing concern, and it will mostly continue to do so in the future owing to the increase of high chemical traffic. Nevertheless, the effects of HNS spill on marine environment, especially on aquatic organisms are unclear. Consequently, it is emergent to provide valuable information for the toxicities to marine biota caused by HNS spill. Accordingly, the acute toxicity of three preferential HNS and sub-lethal effects of acrylonitrile on Brachionus plicatilis were evaluated. The median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) at 24 h were 47.2 mg acrylonitrile L⁻¹, 276.9 mg styrene L⁻¹, and 488.3 mg p-xylene L⁻¹, respectively. Sub-lethal toxicity effects of acrylonitrile on feeding behavior, development, and reproduction parameters of B. plicatilis were also evaluated. Results demonstrated that rates of filtration and ingestion were significantly reduced at 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 mg L⁻¹ of acrylonitrile. Additionally, reproductive period, fecundity, and life span were significantly decreased at high acrylonitrile concentrations. Conversely, juvenile period was significantly increased at the highest two doses and no effects were observed on embryonic development and post-reproductive period. Meanwhile, we found that ingestion rate decline could be a good predictor of reproduction toxicity in B. plicatilis and ecologically relevant endpoint for toxicity assessment. These data will be useful to assess and deal with marine HNS spillages.

Chemical characteristics and source analysis on ionic composition of rainwater collected in the Carpathians “Cold Pole,” Ciuc basin, Eastern Carpathians, Romania

Abstract

A study of precipitation chemistry was conducted for 11 years (01 January 2006–31 December 2016) in the Ciuc basin, Eastern Carpathians, Romania. The studied area is an enclosed basin, also called "the Carpathians cold pole." All collected samples were analyzed for major cations and anions. HCO₃⁻ concentrations were calculated based on the empirical relationship between pH and HCO₃⁻. The multiannual arithmetic mean of pH values was found to be 6.57. The lowest and highest pH values were measured in 2009 and 2013, being 6.57% lower, respectively, 7.57% higher than the multiannual mean. Only 3.31% of the studied rainwater samples indicate acidic character. In descending order, the majority of the samples are as follows: NH₄⁺ >Ca²⁺ >SO₄²⁻ >Cl⁻ >HCO₃⁻ >NO₃⁻ >Na⁺ >K⁺ >Mg²⁺ >NO₂⁻ >H⁺. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed the NH₄⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ contribution to the neutralization process and their sources. The anthropogenic origin of SO₄²⁻ was supported by the high non-sea-salt fraction (NSSF) (~ 91%). The results of this study suggest that rainwater chemistry is strongly influenced by local natural and anthropogenic sources (agricultural activities) rather than marine sources. The pollutants in rainwater samples were mainly derived from calcareous and dolomitic soil dust and specific local climatic conditions, long-range transport, local industry, and traffic sources.

Identification of groundwater redox process induced by landfill leachate based on sensitive factor method

Abstract

Landfill site is a significant source of groundwater pollution. To ensure that the groundwater contamination of landfills can be controlled and repaired scientifically, the identification of groundwater pollution process is needed. On the basis of biogeochemical process of leachate pollutants in the groundwater environment, a sensitive factor method for the identification of groundwater redox process from landfills was established in this research. The method encompasses four phases, including sensitive factors selection, redox zone characterization, weight calculation, and redox zone identification. In the sensitive factor index system employed here, five indicators involving dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrite, Fe²⁺, sulfide, and CO₂ were selected. The boundary of each redox zones was determined by the quantitative method, and the weight of each indicator was calculated by combined weight method. This method was applied to a landfill site in the northeast of China. The result showed that there were five redox zones that appeared in pollution plume, including methanogenic zone (MGZ), sulfate reduction zone (SRZ), iron reduction zone (IRZ), nitrate reduction zone (NRZ), and oxygen reduction zone (ORZ). The results were consistent with the actual situation of the site. The sensitive factor method was scientific and effective to identify the groundwater redox process in landfill and can provide reference data related to investigation and remediation of groundwater pollution in landfill sites.

Guo, Qiyong 郭齊勇, ed., Collected Works of Confucians: The Criticism of Criticism of Confucian Ethics《 儒家倫理新批判 》 之批判

Dongfang, Shuo 東方朔, Hierarchical Order and Just World—Research on the Thought of Xunzi 差等秩序與公道世界: 荀子思想研究

Gu, Ming Dong, ed., Translating China for Western Readers: Reflective, Critical and Practical Essays

Assessing and treating primary headaches and cranio-facial pain in patients undergoing rehabilitation for neurological diseases

Pain is a very common condition in patient undergoing rehabilitation for neurological disease; however the presence of primary headaches and other cranio-facial pains, particularly when they are actually or ap...

Brain networking analysis in migraine with and without aura

To apply effective connectivity by means of nonlinear Granger Causality (GC) and brain networking analysis to basal EEG and under visual stimulation by checkerboard gratings with 0.5 and 2.0 cpd as spatial fre...

Preparation and antibacterial activities of chitosan-gallic acid/polyvinyl alcohol blend film by LED-UV irradiation

Publication date: Available online 29 September 2017
Source:Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology
Author(s): Soon-Do Yoon, Young-Mog Kim, Boo I.L. Kim, Jae-Young Je
Active blend films from chitosan-gallic acid (CGA) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) were prepared via a simple mixing and casting method through the addition of citric acid as a plasticizer. The CGA/PVA blend films were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The mechanical properties including tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (%E), degree of solubility (S) and swelling behavior (DS), water vapor adsorption, and antimicrobial activities of the CGA/PVA blend films with and without LED (light emitting diode)-UV irradiation were also investigated. The CGA/PVA blend films exposed to UV irradiation exerted a higher TS (43.5MPa) and lower %E (50.40), S (0.38) and DS (2.73) compared to the CGA/PVA blend films (TS=41.7MPa, %E=55.40, S=0.42, and DS=3.16) not exposed LED-UV irradiation, indicating that the cross-linkage between CGA and PVA had been strengthened by LED-UV irradiation. However, the water vapor adsorption in the CGA/PVA blend films increased due to the changes of surface roughness and pore volume after LED-UV irradiation, and all values increased by increasing the CGA concentrations in the CGA/PVA blend films. The antimicrobial activities of the CGA/PVA blend films showed that the efficient concentration of CGA in the CGA/PVA blend films was over 1.0%. Taken together, the CGA/PVA blend films have potential for use as food packing materials.

Apoptotic mechanism behind the testicular atrophy in photorefractory and scotosensitive quail: Involvement of GnIH induced p-53 dependent Bax-Caspase-3 mediated pathway

Publication date: Available online 29 September 2017
Source:Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology
Author(s): Somanshu Banerjee, Chandra Mohini Chaturvedi
In most of the avian species, daylength or photoperiod is the main environmental factor regulating reproduction. During their annual gonadal cycle, birds once sensitive to short or long day effect develop refractoriness to the same daylength and gonad develop or regress accordingly. The present study investigated the effects of photoperiodic alterations on apoptosis mediated testicular responses of photosensitive/photorefractory and scotosensitive/scotorefractory quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica. Testicular apoptosis in the quail of different photoperiodic conditions was assessed by monitoring the alterations in the local testicular expression of GnRH-I, GnIH, pro-apoptotic proteins (p53 and Bax), inactive caspase (pro-Caspase-3), executioner active-Caspase-3 and inactive/uncleaved PARP-1 (DNA repair enzyme) and TUNEL analysis. Alterations in these parameters indicate that testicular quiescence/regression in scotosensitive and photorefractory quail is mediated by apoptosis of testicular cells and hence apoptosis appears to be the key mechanism of testicular regression in Japanese quail.Present findings demonstrated the underlying molecular mechanism of how avian testes respond differentially to same photoperiodic conditions and exhibit scoto-/photo-sensitivity and refractoriness. It is concluded that photoperiod induced testicular stimulation in photosensitive/scotorefractory quail may be due to apoptotic inhibition and testicular regression in scotosensitive/photorefractory quail is guided by apoptosis, an effect invariably regulated by local action of GnRH and GnIH.

Subcutaneous mastectomy in female-to-male transsexuals – optimizing perioperative and operative management in 8 years clinical experience

Publication date: Available online 29 September 2017
Source:Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery
Author(s): A. Wolter, T. Scholz, N. Pluto, J. Diedrichson, A. Arens-Landwehr, J. Liebau
IntroductionThe incidence of complications, especially acute hematoma requiring surgical revision in female-to-male transsexuals (FTMTS), is consistently highly documented in literature with up to 33 %. Since 2008 we perform subcutaneous mastectomies in FTMTS with an annually increasing number of cases. Due to an initially high hematoma revision rate in the previously published cohort (2008-2013), we implemented peri- and postoperative preventive measures and compared the results with recent patient cohort (2014-2016).Patients and methodsThe records of 356 patients (712 mastectomies) were retrospectively reviewed. We compared the first cohort (peri- and postoperative standard procedure and implementation of a care path in our institution, C1, 01/2008 - 12/2013, 346 mastectomies) with the recent cohort (C2, 01/2014 - 01/2016, 366 mastectomies) and introduced in C2 the following preventive measures: perioperative administration of tranexamic acid, intraoperative elevation of blood pressure to at least 120 mmHg before wound closure, bedrest and consequent wearing of compression bandage without removal 12 hours postoperatively. Comparison of complication rate, patient satisfaction and secondary revision rate were obtained in both cohorts.ResultsThe mean operation time could be reduced from 103.6 minutes to 72.5 minutes (p<0,05). The overall complication rate could be diminished from 11.8 % to 5.5 % (p<0,05), the acute hematoma revision rate from 9.2 % to 4.1 % (p<0,05). Secondary revisions were similar in both patient cohorts. Patient satisfaction rate was ameliorated from 88 % to 93.5 % „very satisfied" to „satisfied" patients.ConclusionHematoma is the most common reason for reoperation in FTMTS patients. By implementation of peri- and postoperative preventive measures and additional application of an institutional care path we could achieve a significant reduction of complications, particularly of the hematoma evacuation rate. During 8 years clinical and operative treatment in FTMTS we could furthermore achieve a decrease in operative time and an ameliorated patient satisfaction with the aesthetic results.

Dermoscopy of Erythromelanosis Follicularis Faciei et Colli

Publication date: October 2017
Source:Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas (English Edition), Volume 108, Issue 8
Author(s): E. Errichetti, S. Pizzolitto, G. Stinco

Successful short desensitization treatment protocol with narrowband UVB phototherapy (TL-01) in polymorphic light eruption

Publication date: October 2017
Source:Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas (English Edition), Volume 108, Issue 8
Author(s): A. Combalia, C. Fernández-Sartorio, X. Fustà, D. Morgado-Carrasco, S. Podlipnik, P. Aguilera
IntroductionPolymorphic light eruption (PLE) is a common idiopathic photodermatosis that typically presents with pruritic papular or papulovesicular lesions on sun-exposed skin between spring and autumn. In many subjects PLE is mild, and can usually be prevented by the use of broad-spectrum topical sunscreens and a gradual increase in sunlight exposure. However, in some individuals, sunlight exposure results in florid PLE and they often benefit from prophylactic desensitization treatment using phototherapy in early spring, an artificial method that induces a "hardening" phenomenon.ObjectiveTo describe and evaluate the efficacy of a short desensitization protocol, based on a one-month-treatment, administered twice a week with narrow band UVB in subjects with severe polymorphic light eruption (PLE).MethodsA retrospective, open planned and non-randomized study to assess the efficacy of UVB phototherapy in prevention of polymorphic light eruption.ResultsFifteen subjects diagnosed with severe PLE were treated with the standard protocol in our Photobiology Unit between 2014 and 2015. The effect of hardening was sustained during follow up in 87.5% of desensitization treatments. A statistically significant association (p<0.05) between the years of duration of the PLE and the response to treatment was found.ConclusionsThe effect of hardening was maintained in the vast majority of subjects, obtaining a good benefit with no PLE episodes during all the summer. We demonstrate that our standard protocol is effective, and produces a successful outcome for the majority of PLE subjects. Our protocol is shorter than those currently applied, being favourable both for the patient and the physician.

Graphical abstract

Dissecting cellulitis of the scalp

Publication date: October 2017
Source:Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas (English Edition), Volume 108, Issue 8
Author(s): A. Ortiz-Prieto, A. Pulpillo-Ruiz, J. Conejo-Mir

Hyperkeratotic lesions on legs

Publication date: October 2017
Source:Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas (English Edition), Volume 108, Issue 8
Author(s): J.M. Sánchez Sánchez, J. Molinero Caturla, J.R. Ferreres Riera, R.M. Penín Mosquera

PCA-based localization approach for segmentation of optic disc

Abstract

Purpose

The optic disc is the origin of the optic nerve, where the axons of retinal ganglion cells join together. The size, shape and contour of optic disc are used for classification and identification of retinal diseases. Automatic detection of eye disease requires development of an efficient algorithm. This paper proposes an efficient method for optic disc segmentation and detection for the diagnosis of retinal diseases.

Methods

The methodology involves optic disc localization, blood vessel inpainting and optic disc segmentation. Localization is based on principal component analysis, and segmentation is based on Markov random field segmentation. In order to get reasonable background images, blood vessel inpainting is done before segmentation.

Results

The proposed method tested with two standard databases MESSIDOR and DRIVE, and achieved an average overlapping score of 92.41, 92.17%, respectively; also validation experiments were done with one local database from Venu Eye Hospital, New Delhi, and obtained an average overlapping score of 91%.

Conclusion

An efficient algorithm is developed for detecting optic disc using principal component analysis-based localization and Markov random field segmentation. The comparison with alternative method yielded results that demonstrate the superiority of the proposed algorithm for optic disc detection.

Pharmacological inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome as a potential target for multiple sclerosis induced central neuropathic pain

Abstract

The NOD-like receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple diseases including neuroinflammation associated with multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the extent to which NLRP3 has a pathobiological role in MS-associated central neuropathic pain (CNP) is unknown. Hence, the present study was designed to address this issue using an optimised relapsing–remitting experimental encephalomyelitis (RR-EAE)-mouse model of MS-associated neuropathic pain. RR-EAE mice with fully developed mechanical allodynia in the bilateral hindpaws (paw withdrawal thresholds (PWTs) ≤ 1 g) at day 16 post-immunisation (p.i.) were administered single oral bolus doses of MCC950, a selective and potent small-molecule inhibitor of NLRP3, once daily for 21 consecutive days. Following administration of the first dose of MCC950 at 50 mg kg⁻¹, the mean (± SEM) peak anti-allodynic effect was observed at ~ 1 h post-dosing with a duration of action of ~ 2 h. Following chronic dosing with MCC950, mechanical allodynia in the bilateral hindpaws was progressively reversed by oral treatment with MCC950 (50 mg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹), but not vehicle. Specifically, by day 25 p.i. and continuing until study completion on day 36 p.i., bilateral hindpaw PWTs of RR-EAE mice treated with MCC950 (50 mg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹) did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) from the corresponding hindpaw PWTs for the sham (control) group. In addition, MCC950 at 50 mg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹ attenuated disease relapses in RR-EAE mice indicated by tail limpness as well as hindlimb weakness. Together, our findings suggest that inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation may be a potential therapeutic approach to alleviate MS-associated CNP and disease relapses in patients with RR-MS.

Slurs, roles and power

Abstract

Slurring is a kind of hate speech that has various effects. Notable among these is variable offence. Slurs vary in offence across words, uses, and the reactions of audience members. Patterns of offence aren't adequately explained by current theories. We propose an explanation based on the unjust power imbalance that a slur seeks to achieve. Our starting observation is that in discourse participants take on discourse roles. These are typically inherited from social roles, but only exist during a discourse. A slurring act is a speech-act that alters the discourse roles of the target and speaker. By assigning discourse roles the speaker unjustly changes the power balance in the dialogue. This has a variety of effects on the target and audience. We show how these notions explain all three types of offence variation. We also briefly sketch how a role and power theory can help explain silencing and appropriation. Explanatory power lies in the fact that offence is correlated with the perceived unjustness of the power imbalance created.

Determinants and the impact of the National Health Insurance on neonatal mortality in Ghana

The national health insurance was established to increase access to health care services and the maternal component was later introduced to improve the health outcomes of both mother and child. The main object...

Overestimation of orthophosphate monoesters in lake sediment by solution 31 P-NMR analysis

Abstract

Solution ³¹P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (³¹P-NMR) is a useful method for analyzing organic phosphorus (P_o). Unfortunately, the extraction conditions, which are highly alkaline and require long extraction times, make this analysis less effective. In this research, according to the lability of orthophosphate monoesters (mono-P_o) and orthophosphate diesters (diesters-P_o), we verified the hypothesized overestimation of mono-P_o in lake sediment using solution ³¹P-NMR. We set three scenes to redistribute the mono-P_o and diesters-P_o. Six components, including eight mono-P_o species, were detected in the NaOH–EDTA extracts of sediment samples using ³¹P-NMR. The results showed that mono-P_o (212.7 mg kg⁻¹) was the dominant P_o in the surface sediment. In the three scenes, mono-P_o decreased from 212.7 to 112.0 mg kg⁻¹, and diesters-P_o increased from 31.9 to 132.7 mg kg⁻¹. The ratio of mono-P_o to diesters-P_o increased from 6.7 to 0.8. Therefore, we deduced that the concentration of mono-P_o was overestimated, while that of diesters-P_o was underestimated, in most research because of the high pH and long extraction process. Diesters-P_o might be an important labile P source during the P "exhausted" period.

Inhibition of Phytophthora species, agents of cocoa black pod disease, by secondary metabolites of Trichoderma species

Abstract

Cocoa production is affected by the black pod disease caused by several Phytophthora species that bring, about each year, an estimated loss of 44% of world production. Chemical control remains expensive and poses an enormous risk of poisoning for the users and the environment. Biocontrol by using antagonistic microorganisms has become an alternative to the integrated control strategy against this disease. Trichoderma viride T7, T. harzanium T40, and T. asperellum T54, which showed in vivo and in vitro antagonistic activity against P. palmivora, were cultured and mycelia extracted. Inhibition activity of crude extracts was determined, and then organic compounds were isolated and characterized. The in vitro effect of each compound on the conidia germination and mycelia growth of four P. palmivora, two P. megakaria, and one P. capsici was evaluated. T. viride that displayed best activities produced two active metabolites, viridin and gliovirin, against P. palmivora and P. megakaria strains. However, no activity against P. capsici was observed. Besides being active separately, these two compounds have a synergistic effect for both inhibitions, mycelia growth and conidia germination. These results provide the basis for the development of a low-impact pesticide based on a mixture of viridin and gliovirine.

Phytoremediation potential of moso bamboo ( Phyllostachys pubescens ) intercropped with Sedum plumbizincicola in metal-contaminated soil

Abstract

This study was conducted to investigate the capability of moso bamboo grown alone and in combination with Sedum plumbizincicola to remediate heavy metals. Monoculture of moso bamboo (MM), intercropping of moso bamboo × S. plumbizincicola (IMS), and control (uncultivated, CK) were established in Cu-, Zn-, and Cd-contaminated soil. Soil properties and heavy metal removal capacity were assessed. Results showed that the available and total heavy metal contents in soil (0–20 and 20–40 cm soil layers) were ranked IMS < MM < CK. Available Cu, Zn, and Cd contents were 65.0, 28.7, and 48.4% lower in the IMS and 52.8, 24.8, and 45.5% lower in the MM than those in the CK, respectively. In plants, Cu contents in bamboo rhizomes, branches, and leaves and those of Zn and Cd in all bamboo tissues were significantly higher in the IMS than in the MM. The bioconcentration and translocation factors of bamboo tissues showed an obviously increasing tendency from MM to IMS. Moso bamboo possessed the properties of endurance to heavy metals and high biomass production. Phytoremediation by moso bamboo in association with S. plumbizincicola is an economical strategy to promote heavy metal removal from metal-contaminated soil.

Rapid biosynthesized AgNPs from Gelidiella acerosa aqueous extract mitigates quorum sensing mediated biofilm formation of Vibrio species—an in vitro and in vivo approach

Abstract

The present study explores the non-bactericidal anti-virulence efficacy of green synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from Gelidiella acerosa against multi-drug resistant Vibrio spp. Spectral characterization of AgNPs was performed through UV-Visible, FT-IR, and energy-dispersive spectroscopic techniques followed by X-ray crystallography and zeta potential analysis. Further, the structural characterization was done by electron and atomic force microscopic techniques. AgNPs profoundly quelled the quorum sensing mediated violacein production in Chromobacterium violaceum and CV026. Characterized AgNPs at 100 μg mL⁻¹ concentrations depicted a phenomenal anti-biofilm efficacy against Vibrio parahaemolyticus (71%) and Vibrio vulnificus (83%) biofilms, which was further confirmed through light, confocal, and scanning electron microscopic analyses. In vitro bioassays revealed the remarkable inhibitory values of AgNPs, by inhibiting the exopolysaccharide production, hydrophobicity, and motility. In vivo studies using Artemia franciscana larvae also confirmed the anti-infective proficiency, as the AgNPs effectively reduced the bacterial colonization and enhanced the survival rate of larvae up to 100% without any toxicity effect.

Graphical abstract

Rapid biosynthesized AgNPs from Gelidiella acerosa quench quorum sensing controlled virulence traits in vibrios

Understanding Perspectives of African American Medicaid-Insured Women on the Process of Perinatal Care: An Opportunity for Systems Improvement

Abstract

Objectives To address disparities in adverse birth outcomes, communities are challenged to improve the quality of health services and foster systems integration. The purpose of this study was to explore the perspectives of Medicaid-insured women about their experiences of perinatal care (PNC) across a continuum of clinical and community-based services. Methods Three focus groups (N = 21) were conducted and thematic analysis methods were used to identify basic and global themes about experiences of care. Women were recruited through a  local Federal Healthy Start (HS) program in Michigan  that targets services to African American women. Results Four basic themes were identified: (1) Pursuit of PNC; (2) Experiences of traditional PNC; (3) Enhanced prenatal and postnatal care; and (4) Women's health: A missed opportunity. Two global themes were also identified: (1) Communication with providers, and (2) Perceived socio-economic and racial bias. Many women experienced difficulties engaging in early care, getting more help, and understanding and communicating with their providers, with some reporting socio-economic and racial bias in care. Delays in PNC limited early access to HS and enhanced prenatal care (EPC) programs with little evidence of supportive transitions to primary care. Notably, women's narratives revealed few connections among clinical and community-based services. Conclusions The process of participating in PNC and community-based programs is challenging for women, especially for those with multiple health problems and living in difficult life circumstances. PNC, HS and other EPC programs could partner to streamline processes, improve the content and process of care, and enhance engagement in services.

The anti-CD6 antibody itolizumab provides clinical benefit without lymphopenia in rheumatoid arthritis patients: results from a 6-month, open-label phase I clinical trial

Summary

Itolizumab is a humanized anti-CD6 monoclonal antibody (mAb) that has previously shown encouraging results, in terms of safety and positive clinical effects, in a 6-week monotherapy clinical trial conducted in RA patients. The current phase I study evaluated the safety and clinical response for a longer treatment of 12 itolizumab intravenous doses in subjects with active RA despite previous DMARD therapy. Twenty one subjects were enrolled in four dose groups (0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 mg/kg). Efficacy endpoints including American College of Rheumatology (ACR)20, ACR50 and ACR70 response rates and Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28) were monitored at baseline and at specific time points over a 10-week follow-up period. Itolizumab was well tolerated up to the highest tested dose. No related serious adverse events were reported and most adverse events were mild. Remarkably, itolizumab treatment did not produce lymphopenia and, therefore, was not associated with infections. All patients achieved a clinical response (ACR20) at least once during the study. Eleven subjects (55%) achieved at least a 20% improvement in ACR just one week after the first itolizumab administration. The clinical response was observed from the beginning of the treatment and was sustained over 24 weeks. The efficacy profile of this 12-week treatment was similar to that of the previous study (6-week treatment). These results reinforce the safety profile of itolizumab and provide further evidence on the clinical benefit from the use of this anti-CD6 mAb in RA patients. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

In vitro effect of pembrolizumab on different T regulatory cell subsets

Abstract

Programmed death-1 (PD-1) and interactions with PD-L1 play critical roles in the tumor evasion of immune responses through different mechanisms including inhibition of effector T cell proliferation, reducing cytotoxic activity, induction of apoptosis in tumor-infiltrating T cells, and regulatory T cells (Treg) expansion. Effective blockade of immune checkpoints can therefore potentially eliminate these detrimental effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of anti-PD-1 antibody, pembrolizumab, on various Treg subpopulations. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy donors (HD) and primary breast cancer patients (PBC) were treated in vitro with pembrolizumab, which effectively reduced PD-1 expression in both cohorts. We found that PD-1 was expressed mainly on CD4⁺CD25⁺ T cells, and pembrolizumab had a greater effect on PD-1 expression in CD4⁺CD25^- T cells, compared to CD4⁺CD25⁺ cells. In addition, pembrolizumab did not affect the expression levels of Treg-related markers including CTLA-4, CD15s, LAP and Ki-67. Moreover, we report that CD15s is mainly expressed on FoxP3^-Helios⁺ Treg in HD, but it is expressed on FoxP3⁺Helios^- Treg subset in addition to FoxP3^-Helios⁺ Treg in PBC. Pembrolizumab did not affect the levels of FoxP3^+/-Helios^+/- Treg subsets in both cohorts. Taken together, our study suggests that pembrolizumab does not affect Treg or change their phenotype or function but rather blocks signaling via PD-1/PD-L1 axis in activated T cells. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (GR-MDSC) accumulate in cord blood of preterm infants and remain elevated during the neonatal period

SUMMARY

Preterm delivery is the leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality. Among the most important complications in preterm infants are peri- or postnatal infections. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are myeloid cells with suppressive activity on other immune cells. Emerging evidence suggests that granulocytic MDSC (GR-MDSC) play a pivotal role in mediating maternal-foetal tolerance. The role of MDSC for postnatal immune-regulation in neonates is incompletely understood. Until now, nothing is known about expression of MDSC in preterm infants. In the present pilot study, we quantified GR-MDSC counts in cord blood and peripheral blood of preterm infants born between 23 + 0 and 36 + 6 weeks of gestation (WOG) during the first three months of life and analysed the effect of perinatal infections. We show that GR-MDSC are increased in cord blood independent of gestational age and remain elevated in peripheral blood of preterm infants during the neonatal period. After day 28 they drop to nearly adult levels. In case of perinatal or postnatal infection, GR-MDSC further accumulate and correlate with inflammatory markers C-reactive protein (CRP) and white blood cell counts (WBC). Our results point towards a role of GR-MDSC for immune-regulation in preterm infants and render them to a potential target for cell-based therapy of infections in these patients. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Modeling of yield and environmental impact categories in tea processing units based on artificial neural networks

Abstract

In this study, an artificial neural network (ANN) model was developed for predicting the yield and life cycle environmental impacts based on energy inputs required in processing of black tea, green tea, and oolong tea in Guilan province of Iran. A life cycle assessment (LCA) approach was used to investigate the environmental impact categories of processed tea based on the cradle to gate approach, i.e., from production of input materials using raw materials to the gate of tea processing units, i.e., packaged tea. Thus, all the tea processing operations such as withering, rolling, fermentation, drying, and packaging were considered in the analysis. The initial data were obtained from tea processing units while the required data about the background system was extracted from the EcoInvent 2.2 database. LCA results indicated that diesel fuel and corrugated paper box used in drying and packaging operations, respectively, were the main hotspots. Black tea processing unit caused the highest pollution among the three processing units. Three feed-forward back-propagation ANN models based on Levenberg-Marquardt training algorithm with two hidden layers accompanied by sigmoid activation functions and a linear transfer function in output layer, were applied for three types of processed tea. The neural networks were developed based on energy equivalents of eight different input parameters (energy equivalents of fresh tea leaves, human labor, diesel fuel, electricity, adhesive, carton, corrugated paper box, and transportation) and 11 output parameters (yield, global warming, abiotic depletion, acidification, eutrophication, ozone layer depletion, human toxicity, freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity, marine aquatic ecotoxicity, terrestrial ecotoxicity, and photochemical oxidation). The results showed that the developed ANN models with R ² values in the range of 0.878 to 0.990 had excellent performance in predicting all the output variables based on inputs. Energy consumption for processing of green tea, oolong tea, and black tea were calculated as 58,182, 60,947, and 66,301 MJ per ton of dry tea, respectively.

Detection of Coxiella burnetii DNA and anti- Coxiella burnetii IgG antibodies in precolostral blood samples of stillborn calves in an endemically infected Holstein dairy herd

Abstract

Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii), an intracellular zoonotic bacterium causing Q fever, occurs widely in cattle herds. After invasion of the pregnant uterus and initial localization in the placenta, active C. burnetii infections may spread to the fetus hematogenously or by the amniotic-oral route and thus may cause abortion, premature delivery, stillbirth, and weak offspring (APSW) complex. In a case-control study, we investigated precolostral blood samples of 56 stillborn calves and 30 live births from a dairy herd endemically infected with C. burnetii "C-cluster" strains and an increased stillbirth rate in primiparous cows. Within the group of the stillborn calves, four precolostral blood samples (7.1%) were tested positive for C. burnetii DNA by PCR and one serum sample (1.8%) positive for anti-C. burnetii IgG antibodies by a commercial ELISA test, respectively. Neither C. burnetii DNA nor anti-C. burnetii IgG antibodies were detected in the samples of calves being born alive. In conclusion, we demonstrated that coxiellaemia and precolostral seroconversion occurred sporadically in stillborn calves from this endemically infected herd. Due to the low detection rates, C. burnetii could not be confirmed to be the cause of the increased stillbirth rate.

Clinical and hemodynamic risk factors associated with discrepancies in lower limb length with capillary malformations – data from the national paediatric French cohort CONAPE

Summary

Background

Genetics discoveries have allowed for better understanding capillary malformations (CMs) with overgrowth syndrome. However, molecular analyses are still not easy to perform or interpret. Other analytical methods are needed.

Objective

We aimed to identify clinical and hemodynamic factors associated with leg length discrepancy (LLD) in children with CM of lower limbs.

Methods

Data were obtained from the multicentre French national cohort CONAPE (COhorte Nationale d'enfants atteints d'Angiome Plan de membrE inférieur), including children from 2 to 12 years old with CM of lower limbs. Clinical characteristics were prospectively collected. Hemodynamic factors were measured by an echographer who calculated the arterial blood flow (ABF) in both lower limbs. An ABF difference ≥50% between the two lower limbs was considered relevant. LLD ≥ 2% was determined by the same radiologist on centralized radiographs.

Results

We analyzed data at baseline for 96 children. The mean (SD) age was 5.6 (3.1) years; 49 (51%) were male; and 14 (15%) showed LLD. Thirty-two patients (33%) had venous anomalies, 13 (14%) lymphatic anomalies, and in 1 child, diagnosis of Parkes Weber syndrome was made. Only increased circumference above the knee was more frequent with than without LLD (50% vs 13%, p=0.02). In all, 10/79 patients (13%) showed a difference in ABF ≥50%: 4 had LLD. The frequency of differences in ABF ≥50% was greater with than without LLD [33.3% (n=4/12) vs 9.0% (n=6/67), p=0.04].

Conclusions

ABF measured by Duplex ultrasonography is a simple, low-cost and non-invasive complementary examination for help in detecting LLD, with a difference ≥ 50% possibly associated.

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Pirfenidone photosensitization in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a case series

Abstract

The oral antifibrotic agent, pirfenidone (PFD), 5-methyl-l-phenyl-[1H]-pyridine, is used to treat idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a chronic and fatal lung disease. In trials, PFD reduces disease progression and decreases mortality. The most common side events of PFD are skin manifestations (25%), described as a photosensitivity or rash, but they are not well characterised ¹.

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In vivo evaluation of some biophysical parameters of the facial skin of Indian women. Part I: Variability with age and geographical locations

Abstract

Background

India is a large country (a subcontinent) of about 3.3 million km² that covers large ranges in latitude and longitude. The last Indian census counted about 1.21 billion of inhabitants of many origins, creating a vast human diversity and skin types, the variability of which having been previously established. The present study aimed at deepening this knowledge through a set of biophysical measurements to describe, along the skin ageing process, the specificities of various Indian subjects living in different geographical locations.

Methods

1204 women, aged 18y-84y, of all socio economic status, were recruited in 4 Indian cities (Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Delhi). Measurements of face skin colour properties, elastic properties, sebum production, skin pores, and micro-relief roughness were performed.

Results

With regard skin colour, this study indicates, with age, a darkening of very low amplitude that leads to an increased skin colour heterogeneity. In all subjects, at all ages, the ocular region (dark circles) presents a much darker pigmentation than the cheeks, creating a contrast that appears constant at all ages. In addition to an increased skin colour heterogeneity, a progressive alteration of the skin surface relief, increased sizes of skin pores, a loss of skin elasticity and a drop in sebum production, post menopause, are observed.

Conclusions

This study confirms, in Indian women, some skin ageing measurements found on women from other ethnic groups (i.e. sebum, firmness, wrinkles, pores size) and also identifies some Indian specificities: a high and constant contrast between the ocular region and the cheek colour, associated to a very slow darkening effect along the life span.

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Do melanoma patients with melanoma of unknown primary have better survival than patients with melanoma of known primary?

Abstract

Background

Several studies have compared the survival rate of melanoma of unknown primary (MUP) patients with patients with a known primary melanoma (MKP). Some studies found improved survival in MUP patients, whereas others found similar or poorer outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate if there was a difference in survival between patients with MUP and patients with a MKP with stage III and IV disease.

Methods

A retrospective study was conducted of 48 MUP patients and 502 MKP patients diagnosed with American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage III and 92 MUP patients and 218 MKP patients diagnosed with AJCC stage IV melanoma at Aarhus University Hospital and Odense University Hospital, Denmark, between 2003 and 2013.

Results

Multivariate analysis of data identified no significant survival differences between MUP and MKP patients with stage III (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.84; P = 0.46) and stage IV (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.03; P = 0.84) disease.

Conclusions

This study included patients from two major university hospitals in Denmark and showed no difference in overall survival between MUP and MKP patients with stage III or IV disease.

Level of Evidence: Level IV, risk/prognostic study.