Volatile fatty acid augmentation and microbial community responses in anaerobic co-fermentation process of waste-activated sludge mixed with corn stalk and livestock manure

Abstract

This study investigated the acidogenic and microbiological perspectives in the anaerobic co-fermentation of waste-activated sludge (WAS) mixed with corn stalk (CS) and pig manure (PM). The volatile fatty acids (VFAs) increased dramatically to over 5000 mg COD/L accumulation just within 4–5 days with the feedstock carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio regulation of 20/1. The CS and PM addition enhanced the compressibility of fermentation residuals by increasing the particle distribution spread index (DSI). Moreover, the external carbon addition conduced to bacterial consortia diversity rising and uneven population distribution in the co-fermentation, which contributed to VFAs accumulation potentially. The organic loading rate (OLR) correlated with bacterial community closely at the early stage (days 1–5), while the oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and pH played more important roles on bacterial consortia at the terminal stage (days 6–10). The C/N ratio adjustment by CS and PM and proper optimizations of OLR, pH, and ORP at various running stages facilitated VFA accumulation during the co-fermentation operation.

Temporal-spatial variations and influencing factors of nitrogen in the shallow groundwater of the nearshore vegetable field of Erhai Lake, China

Abstract

Nitrogen export from the nearshore vegetable field of Erhai Lake seriously threatens the water quality of Erhai Lake, which is the second largest highland freshwater lake in Yunnan Province, China. Among the nitrogen flows into Erhai Lake, shallow groundwater migration is a major pathway. The nitrogen variation and influencing factors in the shallow groundwater of the nearshore vegetable field of Erhai Lake are not well documented. A 2-year field experiment was conducted to determine the concentrations of nitrogen species in the shallow groundwater and their influencing factors in the nearshore vegetable field of Erhai Lake. The results showed that concentrations of TN, NO₃⁻-N, and NO₂⁻-N gradually increased with increasing elevation and distance from Erhai Lake, but the opposite was observed for NH₄⁺-N in the shallow groundwater. The concentrations of nitrogen species in the rainy season were greater than those in the dry season. NO₃⁻-N accounted for more than 79% of total nitrogen in shallow groundwater. Redundancy analysis showed that more than 70% of the temporal and spatial variations of nitrogen concentrations in the shallow groundwater were explained by shallow groundwater depth, and only approximately 10% of variation was explained by the factors of soil porosity, silt clay content of soil, and NH₄⁺-N and NO₃⁻-N concentrations of soil (p < 0.05). The shallow groundwater depth had more notable effects on nitrogen concentrations in the shallow groundwater than other factors. This result will strongly support the need for further research regarding the management practices for reducing nitrogen concentrations in shallow groundwater.

Hydraulic connection affects uranium distribution in the Gas Hure salt lake, Qaidam Basin, China

Abstract

The widespread hydraulic connection is necessary for the formation of a salt lake. However, only limited studies have ever been carried out to investigate the influence of the hydraulic connection on the distribution of elements around certain salt lake. In this study, a total of 66 water samples (including river water, stream water, spring water, brine, intercrystalline brine, well water, and drilling brine) were collected around the Gas Hure salt lake (GSKLH) to investigate the relationship between hydraulic connection and uranium (U) distribution via hydrochemistry and isotope (²³⁴U/²³⁸U, δ¹¹B) techniques. The results suggested that the GSKLH was recharged by water from the Kulamulekesay and Atetikan rivers, groundwater (borehole brine and some intercrystalline brine), and deep fluid (some intercrystalline brine), with each contributing 44.03%, 14.95%, and 41.02% of total recharge, respectively. The U-bearing rock was dominated mainly by silicates, carbonates, and evaporites in the high mountain area (region 1), overflow area (region 2), and plain area (region 3) of the GSKLH, respectively. In the GSKLH, the U distribution was strongly correlated with hydraulic connection and the U concentration was influenced by both groundwater flow system and flow velocity (represented by the γCl⁻/γCa²⁺ ratio). Thus, U was enriched under the conditions of regional groundwater flow system and slow velocity in the GSKLH.

Flocculation performance of lignin-based flocculant during reactive blue dye removal: comparison with commercial flocculants

Abstract

A novel lignin-based flocculant (LBF) with superior flocculation performance was prepared from paper mill sludge in this work. The functional groups of LBF and alkaline lignin (AL) were determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The flocculation performance of LBF integrated with polyaluminum chloride (PAC) was tested in reactive dye wastewater treatment. Floc properties and color removals in multiple flocculation systems were discussed. Results indicated that the dye removal (93%) was greatly facilitated as the LBF was integrated with PAC (PAC + LBF). In addition, floc properties and color removals were significantly improved in the presence of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺. In contrary, flocculation performance was greatly restricted in the presence of SO₄²⁻. LBF was less pH sensitive and shear sensitive than polyacrylamide (PAM) due to the enhanced charge neutralization and bridging action. On the basis of that, LBF could be used as a promising flocculant in dye wastewater treatment.

Testing ZnO nanoparticle ecotoxicity: linking time variable exposure to effects on different marine model organisms

Abstract

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are increasingly used in several personal care products, with high potential to be released directly into marine environment with consequent adverse impact on marine biota. This paper aimed to compare the ecotoxicological effect of ZnO NPs (< 100 nm) towards three marine organisms widely used in toxicity assessment: an algal species (Dunaliella tertiolecta), a bioluminescent bacterium (Vibrio fischeri), and a crustacean (Artemia salina). Bulk ZnO (ZnO bulk, 200 nm) and ionic zinc were also investigated for understanding the role of size and of ionic release in the ZnO toxic action. To this aim, different ecotoxicological tests were used: the inhibition of bioluminescence with V. fischeri at three exposure times (5, 15, and 30 min); the D. tertiolecta growth inhibition at 24, 48, and 72 h; the A. salina mortality at 24–96 h, and A. salina mortality and body growth each 3 days along chronic exposure (14 days). For all selected species, ZnO NPs toxicity was strictly dependent on the exposure time and different sensitivities were recorded: ZnO NPs were more toxic towards algae (EC₅₀ 2.2 mg Zn/L) but relatively less toxic towards bacteria (EC₅₀ 17 mg Zn/L) and crustaceans (EC₅₀ 96 h 58 mg Zn/L). During the 14-day chronic exposure of A. salina, ZnO NPs had a significant inhibition of vitality and body length (EC₅₀14d 0.02 mg Zn/L), while the effect of ZnSO₄ was not statistically different from the control. ZnO NP toxicity was related to zinc ions and to interactions of particle/aggregates with target organisms and therefore to NP behavior in the testing matrix and to the different testing time exposures.

In situ reduced graphene oxide-based polyurethane sponge hollow tube for continuous oil removal from water surface

Abstract

Graphene oxide (GO) was prepared by using the natural graphite as raw materials via the modified Hummers' method and ultrasonic stripping method. GO was reduced online after its anchoring on the surface of polyurethane sponges by a dip-coating method, then in situ reduced graphene oxide-based polyurethane (IRGOPU) sponges were fabricated. The characterizations of IRGOPU sponges were investigated using Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and contact angle measurement. The IRGOPU sponges had an adsorption capacity for a broad range of oils up to 21.7 ~ 55 g/g. A simulation experiment of large-scale oil spill using a simple IRGOPU sponge hollow tube component was designed. The process of continuous oil removal from water surface was quick and effective, and the oil/water separation efficiency could be up to 99.6%. The results indicated that the IRGOPU sponge hollow tube may be an optimum candidate for the oil/water separation of large-scale oil spill.

Liposuction as an effective treatment for lower extremity lymphoedema: a single surgeon's experience over nine years

Publication date: Available online 2 December 2017
Source:Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery
Author(s): C.J. Stewart, D.A. Munnoch
BackgroundLymphoedema is a chronic, debilitating condition caused by a compromised lymphatic system. In recent years, the success of treating upper extremity lymphoedema with liposuction has been translated to patients with lower extremity lymphoedema (LEL), yet there remains a paucity of clinical evidence firmly supporting its use within this patient group.Methods69 patients with LEL (72 legs) were consecutively treated with liposuction by a single surgeon. Compression garments were applied in theatre and continued post-operatively.ResultsMean preoperative volume of oedema was 4372 mL (range 229 -15166 mL), and mean volume of aspirate was 4550 mL (range 575 – 12150 mL). There were no major surgical complications. An average reduction in volume of leg oedema of 85% was found at 3 months (n=72), 88% at 1year (n=60), 94% at 2 years (n=41) and 90% at 5 years (n=15).ConclusionsWe have demonstrated that liposuction combined with continuous compression therapy (CCT) is a safe and effective technique for treatment of primary and secondary LEL, with a significant reduction of the original excess limb volume. Male patients with primary lymphoedema have the poorest outcomes. Limbs with secondary lymphoedema respond best to this treatment.

Skin tattooing following correction of prominent ears

Publication date: Available online 2 December 2017
Source:Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery
Author(s): T.M. Noblet, P.C. Jackson, I.M. Smith

Psychosocial predictors of body image dissatisfaction in patients referred for NHS aesthetic surgery

Publication date: Available online 2 December 2017
Source:Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery
Author(s): Stuart .J. Moulton, Csilla. Gullyas, Fiona. J. Hogg, Kevin. G. Power
BackgroundA limited number of studies have researched psychosocial predictors of body image dissatisfaction exclusively within the National Health Service (NHS) aesthetic surgery patient populations, despite aesthetic surgery being offered on an exceptional basis. The Adult Exceptional Aesthetic Referral Protocol (AEARP) defines criteria for aesthetic surgery under the NHS in Scotland. The protocol requires psychological assessment prior to surgery for the majority of aesthetic surgery procedures offered. It is therefore important to establish psychological predictors of body image dissatisfaction to aid with assessment and provision of psychological therapy for this patient group.Method334 consecutive potential aesthetic surgery patients referred for psychological assessment under the AEARP completed psychosocial self-report assessment measures as part of routine practice. Multiple regression analysis using the forced entry method was used to investigate psychosocial predictors of body image dissatisfaction.ResultsMultiple regression analysis indicated that younger age, greater symptoms of depression, lower levels of self-esteem and greater interpersonal sensitivity significantly predicted higher levels of self reported body image dissatisfaction. Symptoms of anxiety did not significantly predict body image dissatisfaction.ConclusionsThis study indicates that both self perception and perception of self in relation to others, especially fear of being judged by others, significantly relates to body image dissatisfaction in this patient group. Psychological assessment of patients' suitability for aesthetic surgery should consider factors such as the patient's interpersonal functioning. Psychological intervention targeted at symptoms of depression, difficulties with self-esteem and interpersonal functioning may be of significant benefit to patients either prior to undergoing surgery or as an alternative to aesthetic surgery.

Distribution of pathogenicity island markers and virulence factors in new phylogenetic groups of uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates

Abstract

The present study was aimed at investigating the relationship between the new Clermont's phylogenetic groups, virulence factors, and pathogenicity island markers (PAIs) among uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) in Iran. This cross-sectional study was carried out on 140 UPEC isolates collected from patients with urinary tract infections in Bushehr, Iran. All isolates were subjected to phylogenetic typing using a new quadruplex-PCR method. The presence of PAI markers and virulence factors in UPEC strains was evaluated by multiplex PCR. The most predominant virulence gene was fimH (85%), followed by iucC (61.4%), papC (38.6%), hlyA (22.1%), cnf-1 (18.6%), afa (10.7%), papG and neuC (each 9.3%), ibeA (3.6%), and sfa/foc (0.7%). The most common phylogenetic group was related to B2 (39.3%), and the least common to A (0.7%). The most prevalent PAI marker was PAI IV536 (77.14%), while markers for PAI III536 (13.57%), PAI IIJ96 (12.86%), and PAI II536 (12.14%) were the least frequent among the UPEC strains. Meanwhile, the PAI IJ96 marker was not detected. There was a significant association between the phylogenetic group B2 and all the studied virulence genes and PAI markers. To our knowledge, this is the first study to compare the relationship between new phylogenetic groups, virulence genes and PAI markers in UPEC strains in Iran. The phylogenetic group B2 was predominantly represented among the studied virulence genes and PAI markers, indicating the preference of particular strains to carry virulence genes.

Evolution of natural sea surface films: a new quantification formalism based on multidimensional space vector

Abstract

Spatial and temporal variability of natural surfactant sea surface film structural parameters were evaluated from force-area isotherms, film pressure-temperature isochors, dynamic surface tension-time relations performed on samples collected in Baltic Sea shallow coastal waters. The film structure state was postulated as a 10-D dimensionless vector created from the normalized thermodynamic, adsorptive, and viscoelastic film parameters. The normalization procedure is based on the concept of self-corresponding states known in thermodynamics. The values taken by all the reduced parameters indicated a significant deviation from the reference ideal-2D gas behavior. The exhibited deviations of the surface parameters from the background values of the same thermodynamic state of each film were independent on the film-collecting procedure, sample solvent treatment, and temperature. The structural similarity was expressed quantitatively as a (Cartesian, street, and Czebyszew) distance between two vectors of the analyzed film and the standard one from the database, and appeared to be related to environmental conditions, surface-active organic matter production, and migration in the studied coastal sea region. The most distinctive parameters differing the films were y, M _w and E _isoth, as established from Czebyszew function application. The proposed formalism is of universal concern and could be applied to any natural water surfactant system (seawater, inland water, rain water, and snowmelt water).

Metatranscriptomics analysis of cyanobacterial aggregates during cyanobacterial bloom period in Lake Taihu, China

Abstract

Molecular mechanism of interaction between the bloom-forming cyanobacterial species and attached microbios within cyanobacterial aggregates has not been elucidated yet and understanding of which would help to unravel the cyanobacteria bloom-forming mechanism. In this study, we profiled the metabolically active community by high-throughput metatranscriptome sequencing from cyanobacterial aggregates during cyanobacterial bloom period in Lake Taihu, China. A total of 308 million sequences were obtained using the HiSeq 2500 sequencing platform, which provided a great sequence coverage to carry out the in-depth taxonomic classification, functional classification, and metabolic pathway analysis of the cyanobacterial aggregates. The results show that bacteria dominated in cyanobacterial aggregates, accounting for more than 96.66% of total sequences. Microcystis was the most abundant genus, accounted for 26.80% of total assigned sequences at the genus level in cyanobacterial aggregates community; however, Proteobacteria (46.20%) was found to be as the most abundant active bacterial populations at the phylum level. More importantly, nitrogen, phosphonate, and phosphinate metabolism which associated with eutrophication were found in this study. Especially, the enzymes and organisms relating to denitrification and anammox of nitrogen metabolism, which reduced nitrogen concentration by reducing nitrate to nitrogen to inhibit the eutrophication, were first discovered in Lake Taihu during cyanobacterial bloom period. The present study provides a snapshot of metatranscriptome for cyanobacterial aggregates in Lake Taihu and demonstrates that cyanobacterial aggregates could play a key role in the nitrogen cycle in eutrophic water.

Chloramine T induced oxidative stress and the response of antioxidant system in Phanerochaete chrysosporium

Abstract

In this study, the effect of chloramine T (Chl-T) on the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione S-transferase (GST); the levels of reduced (GSH) and oxidised glutathione (GSSG) and their ratios; and also membrane lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels in Phanerochaete chrysosporium were investigated in a dose- (0.25–1 mmol/L) and time-dependent (1.5–9 h) manner. The highest SOD activity was observed in 0.5 mmol/L Chl-T at 6th hour as 1.48-fold of its control. The observed highest level in CAT activities was 4.6-fold of control in 0.5 and 0.75 mmol/L at the 6th hour. The GSH levels that were over the control showed decreasing tendency from the beginning of incubation, except 0.25 mmol/L. In contrast with GSH level variations, GSSG levels reached 10.0-fold of its control by showing increasing tendency with the increases in concentration and time. While the GSH/GSSG ratios were over the control at 0.25 mmol/L during all incubation, they fell under the control values at the earlier hours of incubation with the increasing concentrations of Chl-T. Glutathione-related enzymes GSH-Px, GR and GST were also induced with Chl-T treatment, and the highest activities were 3.29-, 7.5- and 6.56-fold of their controls, respectively. On the other hand, the increases in LPO levels with increasing concentration and time up to 5.27-fold of its control showed that the inductions observed in antioxidant system could not prevent the Chl-T-based oxidative stress.

Adsorptive performance of coal-based magnetic activated carbon for cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes from landfill leachate

Abstract

Bituminous coal-based magnetic activated carbon (MAC) was prepared, characterized, and used successfully for removal of cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes (cVMSs) from treated landfill leachate. Batch adsorption studies were performed at different adsorption dosages and contact times. With adsorptive dosage of 0.75 g/L and contact time of 60 min, the removal efficiencies achieved by MAC for octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D₄), decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D₅), and dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D₆) are 100, 82.8, and 71.4%, respectively. The specific magnetization coefficients of MAC before and after adsorption are 4.6 × 10⁻⁷ and 5.2 × 10⁻⁷ m³/kg, between 1.26 × 10⁻⁷ and 3.8 × 10⁻⁵ m³/kg, which suggests that MAC can be recycled by the high-intensity magnetic separators.

High temperature and pH favor Microcystis aeruginosa to outcompete Scenedesmus obliquus

Abstract

Competition between cyanobacteria and green algae affects phytoplankton succession and the well-known cyanobacteria blooms. Climate warming and water acidification are two concerned environmental issues changing the freshwater ecosystems. To investigate the competitive responses of phytoplankton to warming and acidification, we co-cultured Microcystis aeruginosa and Scenedesmus obliquus at a temperature range of 15–35 °C and a pH range of 5–9. Results showed that S. obliquus was superior competitor at 15 °C. At 20–30 °C, the populations of both Scenedesmus and Microcystis were inhibited by the presence of each other. S. obliquus was in competitive domination at the initial phase of cultivation, but was finally replaced by M. aeruginosa. Microcystis kept competition advantage at 35 °C, whereas Scenedesmus outcompeted Microcystis at acidic conditions (pH ≤ 6). Neutral and weakly alkaline conditions (pH 7–9) supported the replacement of competition domination from Scenedesmus to Microcystis. The present study revealed that climate warming may accelerate the phytoplankton succession from green algae to cyanobacteria, with the predicted promoted cyanobacteria blooms. Nonetheless, water acidification causes Microcystis to be a weak competitor with green algae, suggesting that the advantageous effect of Microcystis toward green algae at high temperatures was controlled by other variables like the water pH.

Adipose-derived stem cells for treatment of chronic cutaneous ulcers in patients with critical limb ischemia: a pilot study

Abstract

Background

Therapeutic approaches based on stem cells have recently been introduced to treat chronic ulcers, with good results. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the topical application of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) for the treatment of ischemic cutaneous ulcers modified the skin perfusion of the treated areas.

Methods

Perilesional laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) and transcutaneous oximetry (tcpO₂) values were recorded for a 3-month period in seven arteriopathic and diabetic patients with ischemic ulcers of the lower limb candidates to amputation, who had been previously treated with single co-administered perilesional and intralesional injections of ASCs+PRP.

Results

Significant differences were found between pretreatment (T0) and 3 month post-treatment (T3) values regarding both LDF values (basal mean values: T0 30.7; T3 50.4; declivous mean values: T0 23; T3 38.9;) and tcpO₂ levels (basal mean values: T0 6.7; T3 45.9; declivous mean values: T0 17.6; T3 47.3).

Conclusions

According to the values of LDF and TcpO₂, the multidisciplinary treatment of severe ulcers with ACSs+PRP associated or not with revascularization therapy allowed a perilesional improvement of oxygenation and perfusion such to avoid limb amputation, with complete wound healing. Early treatment with ASCs associated or not with reperfusion therapy is an effective treatment even in severe ulcers in advanced stage once treated with amputation of limb.

Level of evidence: Level V, therapeutic study

Multiple Digit Melanonychia: Examine the Scalp

Statin Use and Risk of Skin Cancer

Previous studies demonstrated higher keratinocyte carcinoma risk with statin use, but lacked adjustment for important confounders.In this study, longer duration of statin use was associated with higher basal cell carcinoma risk in men only.The relation between statins and skin cancer risk may differ by sex.

Adverse bioeffect of perfluorooctanoic acid on liver metabolic function in mice

Abstract

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a kind of manufactured material, is widely accumulated around environmental system and into wildlife, including human beings. Toxicologically, PFOA induces hepatomegaly (liver enlargement) in the dose- and time-dependent manners. However, biological mechanism of hepatotoxicity warrants to be further investigated. In the present study, mature male mice were exposed to dosed PFOA for 21 days before conducting biochemical tests and immunoassays. As results, decreased fast blood glucose and elevated insulin contents were observed in PFOA-dosed mice. In addition, PFOA-dosed mice resulted in increased liver functional enzymes (GPT, GOT) in serum. And lipid contents (TG, lipoproteins) in serum and liver were changed abnormally. As shown in immunohistochemistry, increased insulin- and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-positive cells were showed in PFOA-exposed pancreatic tissues. Moreover, CD36-positive cells were increased in PFOA-exposed livers, while ApoB-labeled cells were reduced. Further, immunoblot data showed that hepatocellular fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) in PFOA-exposed liver was down-regulated dose-dependently. Taken together, our preliminary findings demonstrated that PFOA-induced hepatocellular lipotoxicity may be linked to impairing lipid-regulated proteins, as well as inducing insulin expression from pancreatic tissue.

Voces de la frontera /Voices from the Border: Using Case Studies of Pregnancy, Birth and Parenting along the U.S.–Mexico Border to Identify Shared Measures of Success

Abstract

Purpose This research analyzes the cases of five women living along the U.S.–Mexico border who overcame challenges during pregnancy or parenting with the support of a federally funded Healthy Start program, designed to eliminate disparities in perinatal health in disadvantaged communities with the poorest birth outcomes. Study objectives were to: (1) identify common factors that affect healthy maternal and child outcomes for Healthy Start participants; and (2) identify a shared definition of what success looks like for Healthy Start participants and opportunities for further study. Description Five border Healthy Start sites (CA, AZ, NM, and TX) contributed case stories from participants who had overcome access barriers to achieve positive pregnancy, birth or parenting outcomes. Case studies were collected using review of successful participant cases and non-structured interviews by Healthy Start staff, and analyzed using participatory methods and thematic analysis. Assessment Common barriers were: lack of insurance; isolation or unsupportive family relationships; timidness and lack of self-advocacy. Healthy Start programs have been successful in securing supportive relationships through the community health worker model; reducing isolation; obtaining insurance access and a medical home; building self-advocacy skills; and supporting participants to pursue their goals. Conclusion Identified barriers are in line with available literature on health care access and provide a U.S.–Mexico border-specific view. The Healthy Start model is effective at helping women to overcome barriers. Learning from this research may contribute to development of shared measures for more impactful evaluation of Healthy Start and similar programs.

Oral Health Coverage Options for Pregnant Adults and Adolescents

Abstract

Oral health care is a necessary and critical component of health care for pregnant women, but its importance is often overlooked by clinicians. Pregnant women who are low-income also find it particularly difficult to access care. This analytic essay summarizes oral health coverage for pregnant women under various types of health insurance coverage, including Medicaid, the Children's Health Insurance Program, and coverage options available under the Affordable Care Act. We hope this information will help clinicians better understand the importance of oral health care during pregnancy and the range of coverage options that may be available to their patients.

Doula Services Within a Healthy Start Program: Increasing Access for an Underserved Population

Abstract

Purpose

Women of color in the United States, particularly in high-poverty neighborhoods, experience high rates of poor birth outcomes, including cesarean section, preterm birth, low birthweight, and infant mortality. Doula care has been linked to improvements in many perinatal outcomes, but women of color and low-income women often face barriers in accessing doula support.

Description

To address this issue, the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene's Healthy Start Brooklyn introduced the By My Side Birth Support Program in 2010. The goal was to complement other maternal home-visiting programs by providing doula support during labor and birth, along with prenatal and postpartum visits. Between 2010 and 2015, 489 infants were born to women enrolled in the program.

Assessment

Data indicate that By My Side is a promising model of support for Healthy Start projects nationwide. Compared to the project area, program participants had lower rates of preterm birth (6.3 vs. 12.4%, p < 0.001) and low birthweight (6.5 vs. 11.1%, p = 0.001); however, rates of cesarean birth did not differ significantly (33.5 vs. 36.9%, p = 0.122). Further research is needed to explore possible reasons for this finding, and to examine the influence of doula support on birth outcomes among populations with high rates of chronic disease and stressors such as poverty, racism, and exposure to violence. However, feedback from participants indicates that doula support is highly valued and helps give women a voice in consequential childbirth decisions.

Conclusion

Available evidence suggests that doula services may be an important component of an effort to address birth inequities.

Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory effect of an anti-platelet agent crinumin on carrageenan-induced paw oedema and granuloma tissue formation in rats

Abstract

The present study was designed to explore the anti-inflammatory activity of an anti-platelet agent crinumin, by various in vitro and in vivo inflammation models. Firstly, crinumin protein was purified through cation exchange chromatography; then, in vitro activity was estimated by albumin denaturation assay and HRBC membrane stabilization assay. Carrageenan-induced paw oedema and cotton pellet-induced granuloma models were used for in vivo anti-inflammatory activity assessment in rats. In both models, rats were pre-treated for 7 days with crinumin (25–50 µg/ml) and diclofenac sodium (50 µg/ml). Expression of P-selectin (in serum and plasma) through ELISA and NF-κB (in paw and granulomatous tissues) through western blotting was checked. Our results showed that crinumin at both doses (25 or 50 µg/kg of b.w.) significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the paw oedema formation in a dose-dependent manner in the second phase of inflammation and significant (p < 0.05) reduction of wet and dry weight of granuloma was observed indicating the anti-inflammatory potential of crinumin. Crinumin decreased the expression of P-selectin and NF-κB indicating its potential role in decreasing platelet activation and healing inflammation. Histopathological studies additionally proved the efficacy of drug in treating inflammation. The results of the study suggest that the crinumin might have an inhibitory role in atherosclerosis as platelet aggregation and inflammation are the key processes involved in atherosclerotic disorders.

Book Review: Dermatological Signs of Systemic Disease, Fifth Edition

Publication date: Available online 2 December 2017
Source:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
Author(s): Bryan Baillis

An age-dependent interaction between sex and geographical UV index in melanoma risk

Publication date: Available online 2 December 2017
Source:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
Author(s): Feng Liu-Smith, Argyrios Ziogas
BackgroundUV exposure may not equally impact melanoma development in different sexes and ages. Whether and how these factors interact with each other in melanoma risk is unknown.ObjectiveThis study attempts to estimate interactions among UVI, sex and age in melanoma risk.MethodsMelanoma incidence data was collected from 42 cancer registries. Geographical UV index (UVI) was collected from local satellite stations. Negative binomial regression models were used to estimate the impact of each risk factor and their interactions.ResultsSex, UVI and age, as well as interactions between any two of these factors were significantly associated with melanoma risk. In younger age groups, the female sex is an independent risk factor for melanoma that is not impacted by ambient UV exposure. In older age groups, however, the female sex interacts with UV exposure as a risk factor, exhibiting a protective effect. The switching age category is 45-49, which correlates with dramatic hormonal changes.Limitationsthe interaction between sex and UVI is measured at an ecological level.ConclusionThe interaction between sex and UVI is age-dependent. The female sex is an independent risk factor for early onset melanoma, but the female sex also protects against UV-associated melanoma in older age groups.

Teaser

UV exposure may differentially impact risk of melanoma by sex and age group.The female sex plays a significant and independent role in early onset melanoma.More effective preventive strategies can be developed based on the understanding of sex- and age-specific melanoma causes.

Pemphigus and hematologic malignancies: A population-based study of 11,859 patients

Publication date: Available online 2 December 2017
Source:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
Author(s): Khalaf Kridin, Shira Zelber-Sagi, Doron Comaneshter, Erez Batat, Arnon D. Cohen
BackgroundThe association of non-paraneoplastic pemphigus with comorbid hematologic malignancies is yet to be established.ObjectiveTo estimate the association between pemphigus and the common types of hematologic malignancies.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted comparing pemphigus patients with age-, sex- and ethnicity-matched control subjects regarding the prevalence of 6 comorbid hematologic malignancies. The study was performed utilizing the computerized database of Clalit Health Services ensuring 4.5 million subjects.ResultsThe study included 1985 pemphigus patients and 9874 control subjects. The prevalence of chronic leukemia (0.9% vs. 0.4%; OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.2-3.6), multiple myeloma (0.8% vs. 0.4%; OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.2-3.9), and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (1.8% vs. 1.2%; OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.0-2.2) was greater in patients with pemphigus than in controls. The association with chronic leukemia remained significant following the adjustment for immunosuppressive therapy (adjusted OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.1-3.7). No significant associations between pemphigus and acute leukemia, Hodgkin lymphoma, myelodysplastic syndrome, and polycythemia vera were observed.LimitationsLack of immunopathological validation of the diagnosis of pemphigus.ConclusionsSignificant association was observed between pemphigus and chronic leukemia, multiple myeloma, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Further research is warranted to establish this observation in other cohorts.

Teaser

Hematologic malignancies have been reported sporadically in patients with pemphigus.In the current study, significant associations were observed between pemphigus and chronic leukemia, multiple myeloma, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.Further research is needed to confirm these findings in other cohorts.

Estimation of sodium adsorption ratio indicator using data mining methods: a case study in Urmia Lake basin, Iran

Abstract

Water quality is a major concern around the world, particularly in dry climates. Usually, assessment of surface water quality is costly and time-consuming. In this situation, a method which could estimate the water quality accurately with the minimum of hydro-chemical parameters would be appealing. In this study, three data mining methods, namely, M5 model tree, support vector machine (SVM), and Gaussian process (GP), were employed to estimate the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) indicator in the Shahrchay River located in the west of the Urmia Lake basin, Iran. Results from these methods were compared with an artificial neural network (ANN). Different hydro-chemical parameters were assessed and the most effective parameters were selected. Five combinations of the selected parameters were developed as input parameters to the models. The results indicated that the M5 model tree has a superior performance among the data mining methods, where the combination of sodium and electrical conductivity (Na and EC) is used as input parameters, with a coefficient of determination (R²) = 0.987, root mean squared error (RMSE) = 0.017, mean absolute error (MAE) = 0.012, and mean relative error (MRE) = 5.584. Also, a sensitivity analysis was carried out which reported that the SAR is more sensitive to Na, Ca, and EC, respectively. This research highlights that the M5 model tree can be successfully employed for the estimation of SAR. It also indicates that the practical and simple linear equations and optimization performed with the M5 model tree reduce time and cost.

The synthetic evaluation of CuO-MnO x -modified pinecone biochar for simultaneous removal formaldehyde and elemental mercury from simulated flue gas

Abstract

A series of low-cost Cu-Mn-mixed oxides supported on biochar (CuMn/HBC) synthesized by an impregnation method were applied to study the simultaneous removal of formaldehyde (HCHO) and elemental mercury (Hg⁰) at 100–300° C from simulated flue gas. The metal loading value, Cu/Mn molar ratio, flue gas components, reaction mechanism, and interrelationship between HCHO removal and Hg⁰ removal were also investigated. Results suggested that 12%CuMn/HBC showed the highest removal efficiency of HCHO and Hg⁰ at 175° C corresponding to 89%and 83%, respectively. The addition of NO and SO₂ exhibited inhibitive influence on HCHO removal. For the removal of Hg⁰, NO showed slightly positive influence and SO₂ had an inhibitive effect. Meanwhile, O₂ had positive impact on the removal of HCHO and Hg⁰. The samples were characterized by SEM, XRD, BET, XPS, ICP-AES, FTIR, and H₂-TPR. The sample characterization illustrated that CuMn/HBC possessed the high pore volume and specific surface area. The chemisorbed oxygen (O_β) and the lattice oxygen (O_α) which took part in the removal reaction largely existed in CuMn/HBC. What is more, MnO₂ and CuO (or Cu₂O) were highly dispersed on the CuMn/HBC surface. The strong synergistic effect between Cu-Mn mixed oxides was critical to the removal reaction of HCHO and Hg⁰ via the redox equilibrium of Mn⁴⁺ + Cu⁺ ↔ Mn³⁺ + Cu²⁺.

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December 2017 Issue of JCD

Characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM 2.5 emitted from different cooking activities in China

Abstract

Nineteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM_2.5 emitted from five different cooking activities were characterized, and their influencing factors were determined. The total quantified particle-bounded PAH concentrations (ΣPAHs) in the airs from the cooking activities were 4.2–36.5-fold higher than those in corresponding backgrounds. The highest ΣPAHs were seen in cafeteria frying (783 ± 499 ng/m³), followed by meat roasting (420 ± 191 ng/m³), fish roasting (210 ± 105 ng/m³), snack-street boiling (202 ± 230 ng/m³), and cafeteria boiling (150 ± 65 ng/m³). The main influencing factors on the PAH emissions were cooking methods, fat contents in raw materials, and oil consumptions. Four- to six-ringed PAHs had the highest contributions to the ΣPAHs (avg. 87.5%). Diagnostic ratios of individual PAH were similar between the two charbroiling and other three conventional Chinese cooking methods, respectively, demonstrating the dominance of cooking methods in the PAH emissions. Remarkably high benzo(b)fluoranthene/benzo(k)fluoranthene (BbF/BkF) ratio (8.31) was seen in the snack-street boiling, attributed to the coal combustion as cooking fuel. Both fluoranthene/(fluoranthene + pyrene) [FLT/(FLT + PYR)] and benzo(a)anthracene/(benzo(a)anthracene + chrysene) [BaA/(BaA + CHR)] ratios were higher for the oil-based cooking than those from the water-based ones. In addition, two ratios of indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene/(indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene + benzo(g,h,i)perylene) [IPY/(IPY + BPE)] and benzo(a)pyrene/(benzo(a)pyrene + benzo(g,h,i)perylene) [BaP/(BaP + BPE)] were higher for two charbroiling than the three conventional Chinese cooking methods. The characterization work in this study is particularly important since cooking is a potential contributor of atmospheric PAHs in urban China. Carcinogenic potencies of PAHs were assessed by comparison with the air quality guideline and health risk estimation. The BaP and BaP equivalent were higher for the oil-based than the water-based cooking activities.