Quantitative mechanisms of cadmium adsorption on rice straw- and swine manure-derived biochars

Abstract

We quantified and investigated mechanisms for Cd²⁺ adsorption on biochars produced from plant residual and animal waste at various temperatures. Ten biochars were produced by pyrolysis of rice straw (RB) and swine manure (SB) at 300–700 °C and characterized. The Cd²⁺ adsorption isotherms, adsorption kinetics, and desorption characteristics were studied via a series of batch experiments, and Cd²⁺-loaded biochars were analyzed by SEM–EDS and XRD. The total Cd²⁺ adsorption capacity (Q_c) increased with pyrolysis temperature for both biochars, however, rice straw-derived biochars had greater Q_c than swine manure-derived biochars; hence, the biochar derived from rice straw at 700 °C (RB700) had the largest Q_c, 64.4 mg g⁻¹, of all studied biochars. Cadmium adsorption mechanisms in this study involved precipitation with minerals (Q_cp), cation exchange (Q_ci), complexation with surface functional groups (Q_co), and Cd-π interactions (Q_cπ). Both the pyrolysis temperature and feedstock affected the quantitative contributions of the various adsorption mechanisms. The relative percent contributions to Q_c for Cd²⁺ adsorption by RB and SB were 32.9–72.9% and 35.0–72.5% for Q_cp, 21.7–50.9% and 20.4–43.3% for Q_ci, 2.2–14.8% and 1.4–18.8% for Q_co, and 1.4–3.1% and 3.0–5.8% for Q_cπ, respectively. For biochars produced at higher pyrolysis temperatures, the contributions of Q_cp and Q_cπ to adsorption increased, while the contributions of Q_ci and Q_co decreased. Generally, Q_cp dominated Cd²⁺ adsorption by high-temperature biochars (700 °C) (accounting for approximately 73% of Q_c), and Q_ci was the most prominent mechanism for low-temperature biochars (400 °C) (accounting for 43.3–50.9% of Q_c). Results suggested that biochar derived from rice straw is a promising adsorbent for the Cd²⁺ removal from wastewater and that the low-temperature biochars may outperform the high-temperature biochars for Cd²⁺ immobilization in acidic water or soils.

Advancing CAR T Therapies with CRISPR/Cas9

By Victoria Osinski

Scientists have turned to gene editing techniques to modify patients' T cells to combat cancer, but are often limited by factors including cost, low cell yields, or availability of expertise for therapy development. Interest lies in developing "off-the-shelf", universal, donor cells, which require thorough T cell modifications to make this approach safe and feasible. Currently, scientists are leveraging the use of the gene editing tool clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 system to advance CAR T therapies.

"Off-the-shelf" donor T cells requires a combinatorial approach

Patients undergoing immunotherapies risk developing many complications including graft-vs-host disease, cellular aplasia, and cytokine release syndrome¹. In order to reduce these risks, the following modifications must be made to autologous or allogeneic cells:

1. To prevent rejection, histocompatibility genes must be removed from the donor cells
2. To target cells toward a cancer-specific antigen and increase efficacy, endogenous T cell receptors (TCRs) must be modified.
3. To further enhance the functional performance of the donor cells, other signaling pathways in T cells should be modified to enhance activation or reduce inhibitory signals in the cells²

CRISPR/Cas9 can be harnessed to accomplish all of these modifications.

Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence: CRISPR-Cas9 Antibody (6G12) - C-Terminus [NBP2-52398] - CRISPR-Cas9 Antibody (6G12) [NBP2-52398] - Hela cells or Hela cells expressing Flag-tagged SpCas9 under the control of the PTight (Tet-ON) promoter were treated for 24h with 1ug/ul Doxycycline, fixed and permeabilized with Methanol/Acetone and blocked in 2% BSA in PBS for 2 hours at RT. Cells were stained with 6G12 hybridoma supernatant (diluted 1:10) at 4C o/n, followed by incubation with anti-mouse-AF488 coupled secondary antibody for 1 hour at RT. Nuclei were counter-stained with Hoechst 33342.

CRISPR/Cas9 is being used to develop new CAR T therapies

CRISPR/Cas9 relies on an RNA-guided endonuclease, Cas9, activity to induce doublestrand breaks (DSBs) followed by insertions or deletions created by the non-homologous end-joining pathway to disrupt a specific DNA sequence. The guiding RNA sequence(s) must (1) complement a specific DNA sequence to which Cas9 is targeted, (2) bind to Cas9, and (3) contain a protospacer-associated motif (PAM) at the 3' end of the complement sequence in order to activate Cas9. The type II CRISPR/Cas9 system utilizes a single guide RNA sequence that incorporates all three of these components. This technology has been successfully applied to primary T cells^2,3,4,5. Additionally, the first ever FDA-approved clinical study using CRISPR/Cas9 to develop CAR T cells is ongoing^3,6, which will assess safety of these genetically modified cells in humans⁶.

Advantages of CRISPR/Cas9

CRISPR/Cas9 is cost effective, integration-free, and has the capacity for mutating multiple genes in a single system². Other gene editing methods such as Zinc-finger Nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) have been used for targeted mutagenesis in CAR T cell development, but these protein-based methods require engineering and optimization approaches more extensive than those required by the RNA-guided mechanisms of CRISPR/Cas9^2,3.

Remaining challenges

One of the major challenges in successfully using CRISPR/Cas9 is efficient delivery of its components to primary T cells. T cells require stimulation to take up nucleotides and proteins, but there is a limited dose- and time-window during which T cells can handle such stimulation before they become exhausted. Lentivirus, adeno-associated virus, and electroporation have all been used, but none have 100% efficiency². An additional challenge is assessing the extent of off-target mutagenesis that occurs with CRISPR/Cas9. Various sequencing methods and computational analysis approaches are available for use, but each has its limitations². No need to worry yet, however, as there are additional systems and approaches yet to be tested.

Learn more about CAR T Cell immunotherapy

Victoria Osinski, Doctoral Candidate
University of Virginia
Victoria studies cellular mechanisms regulating vascular growth during peripheral artery disease and obesity.

References

1. Tat T, Li H, Constantinescu C, Onaciu A, Chira S, Osan C, Pasca S, Petrushev B, Moisoiu V, Micu W, Berce C, Tranca S, Dima D, Berindan-Naegoe I, Shen J, Tomuleasa C, Qian L. Genetically enhance T lymphocytes and the intensive care unit. Oncotarget. 2018;9(23):16557-16572.
2. Ren J, Zhao Y. Advancing chimeric antigen receptor t cell therapy with CRISPR/Cas9. Protein Cell. 2017; 8(9):634-643.
3. Singh N, Shi J, June CH, Ruella M. Genome-editing technologies in adoptive T cell immunotherapy for cancer. Curr Hematol Malig Rep. 2017;12:522-529.
4. Liu S, Zhao Y. CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing: Fueling the revolution in cancer immunotherapy. Current Research in Translational Medicine. 2018;66:39–42.
5. Ren J, Liu X, Fang C, Jiang S, June CH, Zhao Y. Multiplex genome editing to generate universal CAR T cells resistant to PD1 inhibition. Clin Cancer Res. 2017;23(9):2255-2266.
6. Reardon S. First CRISPR clinical trial gets green light from US panel. Nature. 2016. doi:10.1038/nature.2016.20137.

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Nódulo alopécico en el cuero cabelludo

Publication date: Available online 17 September 2018

Source: Piel

Author(s): Amaia Saenz Aguirre, Ricardo González Pérez, Ricardo Soloeta Arechavala

In risk we trust/Editing embryos and mirroring future risks and uncertainties

Abstract

Tendencies and efforts have shifted from genome description, DNA mapping, and DNA sequencing to active and profound re-programming, repairing life on genetic and molecular levels in some parts of contemporary life science research. Mirroring and materializing this atmosphere, various life engineering technologies have been used and established in many areas of life sciences in the last decades. A contemporary progressive example of one such technology is DNA editing. Novel developments related to reproductive technologies, particularly embryo editing, prenatal human life engineering, and germline engineering need to be analyzed against the broader social and structural background. The crucial analytical scope for this paper is a specific field: the life-editing technologies used in reproductive medicine and performed experimentally on viable human embryos, particularly CRISPR/Cas9 technology. This text argues that germline editing technologies, as a representative part of contemporary biomedicine, are merging ideas of treatment and enhancement to avoid future risks. Using this specific life manipulation of embryos and gametes, the text analyzes these processes within the concept of power over life—biopower and the specific governing rationality that imagines, classifies, and governs contemporary societies. The text specifically focuses on the potential to create, define, and manage future risks and uncertainties related to prenatal life.

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Dermatology Calendar

Urticaria: A comprehensive review

Urticaria is a common clinical condition presenting with wheals (hives), angioedema, or both. Urticaria has a complex pathogenesis, along with a high disease burden, a significant impact on quality of life, and high health care costs. The first article in this continuing medical education series covers the definition, classification, epidemiology, diagnosis, and work-up of urticaria, taking into account the recent literature and the best available evidence.

Quick note from your Editors

The case of the dog and the blue light

Over the past decade, as the number of emotional support animals has increased dramatically, more requests for accommodation have occurred in medical practices.1 While clinicians frequently will accommodate an emotional support animal, there are important differences between service animals and emotional support animals in the United States under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). The ADA defines a service animal as an animal that has been individually trained to do work or perform tasks for an individual with a disability.

JAAD Case Reports Article List

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October Iotaderma (#296)

Urticaria: A comprehensive review

Second-generation antihistamines are considered first-line agents in the treatment of chronic urticaria because of their safety and efficacy profile. Some patients require higher doses of H1 antihistamines alone or in combination with other classes of medications, including H2 antihistamines, leukotriene receptor antagonists, or first-generation H1 antihistamines. One major therapeutic advance has been omalizumab, a humanized monoclonal anti–immunoglobulin E that was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of chronic urticaria that is unresponsive to H1 antagonists.

Clinically amelanotic or hypomelanotic melanoma: Anatomic distribution, risk factors, and survival

The recognition and diagnosis of clinically amelanotic or hypomelanotic melanoma is a challenge.

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September iotaderma (#295)

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Camp Discovery: Changing lives for 25 years

The first session of Camp Discovery was held in Minnesota in 1993. Then and each year since, children age 8 to 16 years with "significant skin diseases" have attended the American Academy of Dermatology's (AAD's) Camp Discovery program free of charge (Figs 1 and 2). Each camper has been nominated by an AAD member dermatologist. Counselors with skin disease serve as role models and sympathetic supporters. Details of the Camp Discovery program, its founding, and its early evolution were reviewed in 2 previous publications in the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

Stigmatizing Attitudes Toward Persons with Psoriasis Among Laypersons and Medical Students

Perceived stigma among patients with psoriasis contributes to poor health. Stigmatizing attitudes toward persons with psoriasis are prevalent among laypersons. Medical students and people who have heard of/know someone with psoriasis report less stigmatizing attitudes. Educational campaigns for the public and medical trainees may reduce stigma toward patients with psoriasis.

The Clinical Spectrum of Cutaneous Melanoma Morphology

Melanoma can mimic many cutaneous lesions, impairing correct diagnosis. By clustering of diagnostic assignments, five common melanoma morphological groupings were identified: typical, nevus-like, amelanotic/NMSC-like, SK-like, and lentigo/lentigo maligna-like. Awareness of the diversity of melanoma appearances and their associated clinical factors may help dermatologists improve their diagnostic accuracy.

The Editor's Choice

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Allergies and vaccination: a myth demystified

Abstract

Background

Vaccinations are among the commonest and most successful medical measures. Due to the drop in the incidence of vaccine-preventable diseases, rare side effects such as allergic reactions are coming more to the fore. In addition, vaccinations are often associated with the rising prevalence of allergic sensitization and allergic disease. The myth that "vaccinations cause allergies" is being circulated. This article presents the available evidence on the effect of vaccinations on the prevalence of atopic manifestations (sensitization, asthma, allergic rhinitis, food allergy) and atopic dermatitis. Based on position papers, recommendations are given on the approach to vaccinations in children with allergic disease and/or atopic dermatitis as well as on the approach in patients with anaphylactic reactions to vaccines.

Methods

A literature search in PubMed and in the reference lists of the identified articles was conducted.

Results

There is no evidence that vaccinations increase the risk of specific allergic sensitization or the manifestation of allergic diseases either in high-risk patients (atopy, positive family history) or in patients with no family history of atopy. Vaccinations do not cause allergies! According to experts, atopic children can be vaccinated under standard conditions without a mandatory follow-up observation period. Allergy testing should be performed following allergic reactions to vaccines or vaccine components. Follow-up vaccinations after anaphylactic reactions to vaccines or vaccine components should be performed under monitoring conditions by physicians experienced in the recognition and treatment of anaphylactic reactions.

Conclusion

Standard vaccinations do not increase the risk for manifesting allergic disease or specific sensitization to environmental allergens. If individual protection is desired, and taking into account the particular risks and provisos, children with allergic disease and anaphylactic reactions to vaccines can also be vaccinated.

ImFEATbox: a toolbox for extraction and analysis of medical image features

Abstract

Purpose

In medical imaging, the digital post-processing and analysis of acquired images has become an important research field. Topics include various applications of image processing and machine learning aiming to assist radiologists in their diagnostic work. A crucial step in successfully implementing such systems is finding appropriate mathematical descriptions to reflect characteristics of acquired images. Which features are the most meaningful ones strongly depends on the underlying scientific/diagnostic question and the image itself. This makes researching, implementing and testing features time-consuming and cost-intensive. In our work, we aim to address this issue by creating ImFEATbox, a publicly available toolbox to extract and analyze image features for a wide range of applications.

Methods

To reduce the amount of time spent for choosing the right features, we provide an assortment of feature extraction algorithms which are suitable for a broad variety of medical image processing problems. The toolbox includes both global and local features as well as feature descriptors. While being primarily developed in MATLAB, the majority of our algorithms is also available in Python to enable access to a wider range of researchers.

Results

We tested the applicability of ImFEATbox on an FDG-PET/CT data set of 12 patients diagnosed with lung cancer and an MRI data set of 50 patients with prostate lesions. Employing the implemented algorithms in an exemplary manner, we are able to demonstrate its potential for different scientific problems, e.g., show differences between features, indicate redundancies in extracted feature sets by means of a correlation analysis and training a SVM to distinguish between high-risk and low-risk prostate lesions.

Conclusion

ImFEATbox provides a variety of feature extraction algorithms suitable for a large number of post-processing and analysis applications in medical imaging. The toolbox is publicly available and can thus be beneficial to a wide range of researchers working on medical image analysis.

Drosophila melanogaster as model organism for monitoring and analyzing genotoxicity associated with city air pollution

Abstract

This study evaluated the genotoxic potential of atmospheric pollution associated with urbanization using the model organism Drosophila melanogaster and the Comet assay with hemolymph cells. Larvae were exposed to atmospheric compounds in an urban and a rural area in the municipality of Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil, for 6 days (from the embryo stage to the third larval stage) in April 2015 and April 2017. The results were compared to a negative environmental control group exposed to a preserved area (Catimbau National Park) and to a negative control exposed to the laboratory room conditions. The Comet assay demonstrated significant genetic damage in the organisms exposed to the urban area compared with those exposed to the rural area and negative control groups. The evidences were supported by particulate matter analysis showing higher photopeaks of chemical elements such as aluminum, silicon, sulfur, potassium, calcium, titanium, and iron, associated to road dust fraction in urban environment. Once again, the results confirm D. melanogaster an ideal bioindicator organism to monitor genotoxic hazard associated with atmospheric pollution.

A Bayesian modeling approach for phosphorus load apportionment in a reservoir with high water transfer disturbance

Abstract

Phosphorus loading from external and internal sources poses a potential risk to eutrophication of lakes or reservoirs. However, the relative contribution of external and internal sources to eutrophication is still unclear especially for reservoirs with water transfer disturbance. The objective of this paper is to estimate the phosphorus loading from external (water transfer and diffusing emission) and internal sources (sediment release) in Yuqiao Reservoir (YQR) and compare their relative contribution of external and internal sources. In this study, we estimated the phosphorus loading considering both external (water transfer and diffusing source emission) and internal (release from sediment) sources of YQR. The phosphorus loading from water transfer was estimated by total phosphorus (TP) concentration × monthly flow of inflow. The phosphorus loading from nonpoint source emission was estimated using a generalized watershed loading function (GWLF). The phosphorus loading from internal sources was estimated with a Bayesian phosphorus budget model. Our result showed that water transfer TP load is the biggest (45.2%) source of TP load in YQR and internal TP load (20.5%) accounts for a comparable proportion of TP load as nonpoint source (34.3%) in YQR and dominates the total loading in some months. Analysis of seasonal total phosphorus load apportionment indicated that water transfer TP load takes the largest proportion in winter (60.8%), spring (60.2%), and autumn (47.8%). Nonpoint source TP load takes the largest proportion in summer (60.1%), and internal TP load is the second source of YQR in summer (22.4%). Our study indicates that water transfer may be the major driver of eutrophication for some reservoir systems, and sediment release may prevent recovery of many eutrophic lakes and reservoirs. Our analysis suggests that TP pollution control strategies in YQR should be preferentially focused on the improvement of water quality in the upstream reservoir, and nonpoint source TP load reductions should be focused on summer. Compared with conventional nutrient apportionment model applications, this paper provides a new approach to estimate external and internal TP loads simultaneously.

Graphical abstract

ᅟ

Cell-to-cell transmission of HSV-1 in differentiated keratinocytes promotes multinucleated giant cell formation

The herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) are neurotropic and epidermotropic viruses that cause a wide range of clinical disorders with primary and recurrent infections. A disseminated HSV-1 infection of the skin, eczema herpeticum, is commonly seen in patients with atopic dermatitis, suggesting impaired barrier function and dysregulated immune response in these patients [1,2].

Can a Painting have a Rhythm?

Abstract

This paper challenges the widely held assumption that paintings and other works of graphic art have a communicable rhythmic structure. I defend the view that although the experience of viewing a picture takes place in time, and thus is successive, it cannot be temporally structured in a sufficiently determinate manner to sustain the kind of attentional focus required for the communication of even simple rhythmic patterns. With reference to examples of both abstract and figurative painting, I argue that the graphic arts—unlike music and poetry—are non-sequential and that this has important consequences for how a work of graphic art is perceived. In the concluding sections of the paper, I consider some recent empirical research that offers an alternative way of approaching these issues.

The Importance of the History of Dermatology: An American viewpoint

Publication date: Available online 17 September 2018

Source: Clinics in Dermatology

Author(s): Lawrence Charles Parish

Travel as a Teaching and Learning Tool

Publication date: Available online 17 September 2018

Source: Clinics in Dermatology

Author(s): Anthony V. Benedetto

Abstract

Throughout history, physicians have traveled extensively acquire new knowledge or to learn the latest therapeutic techniques from colleagues and academicians. This 'wanderlust' persists in many who want to understand the world around them and learn from others, physicians or non-physicians. Before the era of instantaneous online telecommunication, dermatologists would enhance their education by traveling abroad to learn from world renowned experts in Europe and elsewhere and return with a treasure trove of knowledge and new skills. With the internet, webinars, and teledermatology, the attraction for travel has diminished, mainly due to our ever-increasing demanding world of obligations; however, face-to-face interaction with colleagues of a different culture and educational background still has an inexorable educational value. To facilitate such endeavors, many insightful educators have taken the opportunity to establish several international societies and academies, where on-site educational activities can take place. Currently, a few of the more active and popular dermatologic organizations that are conducting meetings around the world are: International League of Dermatological Societies; International Society of Dermatology; North American Clinical Dermatologic Society; International Society of Dermatologic Surgery; International Academy of Cosmetic Dermatology; and European Society of Cosmetic and Aesthetic Dermatology, all of which exemplify 'travel as a teaching tool.'

In vitro assessment of the toxicity of small silver nanoparticles and silver ions to the red blood cells

Abstract

This work reports the toxicity of small silver nanoparticles (nanoAg, 20 nm) and silver ions (Ag⁺) to the red blood cells with the silver concentration level of 10⁻⁶ g/mL. Results show that red blood cells (RBCs) start hemolysis when treated by nanoAg of 1.5 × 10⁻⁵ g/mL or Ag⁺ of 2.9 × 10⁻⁷ g/mL. A low ATPase activity of 30% has been observed after RBCs being treated with Ag⁺ of 2.6 × 10⁻⁷ g/mL, while the nanoAg does not obviously affect the ATPase activity. In molecular level, Ag⁺ is more toxic to the amino acid residues than nanoAg according to the change of fluorescence characteristics of hemoglobin (Hb). However, the nanoAg has been found to be more toxic than Ag⁺ to the secondary structure of Hb in terms of the loss of α-helix content.

Predictors of Sentinel Lymph Node Positivity in Thin Melanoma Using the National Cancer Database

Presence of dermal mitoses and invasion to Clark level IV-V are important factors in predicting SLN positivity, even when accounting for ulceration and Breslow thickness. Continued evaluation of possible predictors of SLN positivity is necessary to establish clear guidelines when to proceed with SLNB in thin melanoma.

Barriers to Compounding in Physician Offices: The Future is Now!

Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DiHS)/drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) severity score: A useful tool for assessing disease severity and predicting fatal cytomegalovirus disease

The clinical course of drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome/drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms is unpredictable. We developed a scoring system to predict development of cytomegalovirus disease and complications. Using this scoring system, cytomegalovirus disease and complications could be preventable by prompt treatment with anti- cytomegalovirus agents.

Prevention of Thermal Burns from Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients with Tattoos

Mineral sunscreens not recommended by Consumer Reports: What lies beneath the surface?

Reply

Sirolimus for the treatment of “verrucous” venous malformation: are we missing the lymphatic malformation component?

Global Epidemiology and Clinical Spectrum of Rosacea, Highlighting Skin of Color: Review and Clinical Practice Experience

Rosacea is infrequently reported among nonwhite populations worldwide, but difficulty detecting its characteristics in darker skin may lead to underdiagnosis. This paper provides strategies for recognizing and treating rosacea in skin of color. This information may help reduce disparities in managing rosacea across diverse populations with the disease.

Cutaneous angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma: Epstein–Barr Virus positivity and its effects on clinicopathological features

1. Epstein–Barr virus in situ hybridization is positive in 19 of 42 (45.2%) patients with cutaneous angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma. 2. Epstein–Barr virus-positive cutaneous angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma is associated with distinctive clinicopathological features but shows no significant differences in survivals compared to Epstein–Barr virus-negative cutaneous angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma.

Marked Changes in Lamellar Granule and Trans-Golgi Network Structure Occur During Epidermal Keratinocyte Differentiation

Epidermal lamellar granules (LGs) transport various lipids, proteins and protein inhibitors from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) to the extracellular space, and play an important role in skin barrier formation. We elucidated the three-dimensional (3D) structure of LGs and the TGN in normal human skin by focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM). Reconstructed FIB-SEM 3D images revealed that the overall LG structure changed from vesicular to reticular within the second layer of the stratum granulosum.

Screening indices for cadmium-contaminated soil using earthworm as bioindicator

Abstract

Artificial soil simulation tests were conducted to study the response of oxidative stress in different parts of Eisenia fetida under cadmium Cd) stress. Factor analysis and analytic hierarchy process were used to establish a comprehensive mathematical model to screen key monitoring indices of the Cd-contaminated soil early warning system. This paper sets the short-term group and the long-term group. The former lasted 10 days, and the latter was 30 days. Gradient solution of 0, 50, 100, 125, 250, and 500 mg kg⁻¹ Cd²⁺ was used in each test group. The earthworm was cut into two parts from its clitellum to determine oxidative stress indices. Results showed that during the short-term stress, TP (total protein) in the head tissues of the earthworm was the key monitoring index for 3–4 and 8–9 days of Cd stress. In addition, the TP in tail tissues was the key index for 2, 4, 6, and 8–10 days of stress. On the first and second days, the key monitoring indices in the tail tissues were both the CAT (catalase), while in the head, they were CAT and TP, respectively. On the 5th, the 7th, and the 9th days, the focus should be on monitoring POD (peroxidase) in the tail tissues, while in the head tissues, they were POD, CAT, and TP, respectively. In the long-term test after 10 days of Cd stress, the key monitoring index in head tissues was GPX (glutathione peroxidase), and in the tail, it was TP. At 20–30 days, the key monitoring indices were TP in the head and MDA (malondialdehyde) in the tail.

Chemical characteristics, source apportionment, and regional transport of marine fine particles toward offshore islands near the coastline of northwestern Taiwan Strait

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the spatiotemporal variation, chemical composition, and source apportionment of marine fine particles (PM_2.5) as well as their regional transport toward the Matsu Islands located near the coastline of northwestern Taiwan Strait. Four offshore island sites located at the Matsu Islands were selected to conduct both regular and intensive sampling of marine PM_2.5. Water-soluble ionic species, metallic elements, and carbonaceous contents were then analyzed to characterize the chemical characteristics of marine PM_2.5. In order to identify the potential sources and their contributions to marine PM_2.5, chemical mass balance (CMB) receptor model was employed along with the backward trajectory simulation to resolve the source apportionment of marine PM_2.5 and to explore their transport routes in different seasons. The results showed that high PM_2.5 concentrations were commonly observed during the northeastern monsoon periods. Additionally, marine PM_2.5 concentration decreased from the west to the east with the highest PM_2.5 at the Nankang Island and the lowest PM_2.5 at the Donyin Island in all seasons, indicating an obvious concentration gradient of PM_2.5 transported from the continental areas to the offshore islands. In terms of chemical characteristics of PM_2.5, the most abundant water-soluble ions of PM_2.5 were secondary inorganic aerosols (SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, and NH₄⁺) which accounted for 55–81% of water-soluble ions and 29–52% of marine PM_2.5. The neutralization ratios of PM_2.5 were always less than unity, indicating that NH₄⁺ cannot solely neutralize nss-SO₄²⁺ and NO₃⁻ in marine PM_2.5 at the Matsu Islands. Although crustal elements (Al, Ca, Fe, K, and Mg) dominated the metallic content of marine PM_2.5, trace anthropogenic metals (Cd, As, Ni, and Cr) increased significantly during the northeastern monsoon periods, particularly in winter. Organic carbons (OCs) were always higher than elemental carbons (ECs), and the mass ratios of OC and EC were generally higher than 2.2 in all seasons, implying that PM_2.5 was likely to be aged particles. During the poor air quality periods, major air mass transport routes were the northern transport and the anti-cyclonic circulation routes. Source apportionment results indicated that fugitive soil dusts and secondary aerosols were the major sources of marine PM_2.5 at the Matsu Islands, while, in winter, biomass burning contributed up to 15% of marine PM_2.5. This study revealed that cross-boundary transport accounted for 66~84% of PM_2.5 at the Matsu Islands, suggesting that marine PM_2.5 at the Matsu Islands has been highly influenced by anthropogenic emissions from neighboring Fuzhou City as well as long-range transport from Northeast Asia.

Unsubstituted metallophthalocyanine catalysts for the removal of endocrine disrupting compounds using H 2 O 2 as oxidant

Abstract

Advanced oxidation processes have become increasingly important to treat non-biodegradable compounds entering environmental waters. In recent decades, water-soluble metallophthalocyanines have been shown to catalyse H₂O₂-containing oxidation reactions through the production of unique reactive species, nucleophilic metal-peroxo complexes. Few reports in the literature have examined water insoluble metallophthalocyanines (MPc). The oxidative catalytic activity of water insoluble manganese- and iron-phthalocyanine (MnPc, FePc) at pH 7 has been shown through the decolourisation of methylene blue and removal of bisphenol A. These studies expand on this previous study, exploring the catalytic activity of a range of metallophthalocyanines catalysts under both acidic and neutral conditions. FePc, while only active under neutral conditions, was the best performing catalyst. This activity was significantly improved upon by the addition of acetonitrile as a co-solvent, as well as increasing the ratio of H₂O₂ to catalyst. MnPc was catalytically active at both pH 3 and 7. FePc and MnPc catalysts showed the ability to remove bisphenol A in the presence of dam water. Reaction rates were reduced for bisphenol A removal with FePc as a catalyst but were unchanged in the presence of MnPc. The removal of 17β-estradiol, estrone, and coumestrol was successfully demonstrated, with greater than 96% removal of all tested EDC's achieved. This is the first reported study showing the removal of the phytoestrogen, coumestrol. Even though considerably lower concentrations of costly catalysts and oxidation reagents were used in our work, the removal extent of EDC's by the MPc-catalysed oxidation reactions achieved here compares favourably with literature.

Assessment of heavy metal in coal gangue: distribution, leaching characteristic and potential ecological risk

Abstract

In the process of excavation and utilization of the coal gangue hill, gangue at different weathering degree was exposed to the environment, which can be harmful to the surroundings. In order to find the law of heavy metal release and to evaluate the potential ecological risk, five kinds of coal gangue at different weathering degrees were collected from a coal mine named Suncun, an over 100-year-old mine of Xinwen coal mining field located in Tai'an city, Shandong Province of China. Samples were processed with microwave digestion for total content determination of heavy metals, and another part of samples was processed by Tessier sequential extraction for chemical forms analysis. Leaching tests at various pH were carried out to investigate the release of heavy metal. The laws of transformation and release of heavy metals were discussed and potential ecological risk was evaluated. The results indicated that the weathering degree had a significant impact on the content of heavy metal. Exchangeable and carbonate fractions of Cr and Pb were a large proportion of the total and should attract great attention. Potential ecological risk was at strong level (light black) and was up to very strong level (deep black) because of Cd. But Cr had contributed the most for gray gangue, which was 71% of the total. The species of heavy metal in gangue changed due to weathering and lead to the difference of the leaching characteristic and risk.

What Is Stress? A Systems Perspective

Synopsis

The term "stress" is used to capture important phenomena at multiple levels of biological organization, but finding a general and rigorous definition of the concept has proven challenging. Current models in the behavioral literature emphasize the cognitive aspects of stress, which is said to occur when threats to the organism are perceived as uncontrollable and/or unpredictable. Here we adopt the perspective of systems biology and take a step toward a general definition of stress by unpacking the concept in light of control theory. Our goal is to clarify the concept so as to facilitate integrative research and formal analysis. We argue that stress occurs when a biological control system detects a failure to control a fitness-critical variable, which may be either internal or external to the organism. Biological control systems typically include both feedback (reactive, compensatory) and feedforward (predictive, anticipatory) components; their interplay accounts for the complex phenomenology of stress in living organisms. The simple and abstract definition we propose applies to animals, plants, and single cells, highlighting connections across levels of organization. In the final section of the paper we explore some extensions of our approach and suggest directions for future research. Specifically, we discuss the classic concepts of conditioning and hormesis and review relevant work on cellular stress responses; show how control theory suggests the existence of fundamental trade-offs in the design of stress responses; and point to potential insights into the effects of novel environmental conditions, including those resulting from anthropogenic change.

Utilization of high FFA landfill waste (leachates) as a feedstock for sustainable biodiesel production: its characterization and engine performance evaluation

Abstract

In present study, biodiesel was produced from landfill waste-derived oil by chemical transesterification process, to evaluate its potential as a renewable energy source for the first time. The free fatty acid percentage (FFA) in landfill waste oil is considered to be high, which was reduced by treating it with two different acids as catalyst, muriatic acid and phosphoric acid, in order to build a comparison between fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) contents. Further, it was treated with a base catalyst potassium hydroxide (KOH) to produce the final product. The FAME value of landfill oil when treated with muriatic acid was found to be 92.59%. The quality of biodiesel produced was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC), which indicated above 25.7% of conversion of oil into biodiesel when muriatic acid was used as a catalyst. The properties of the produced biodiesel were found to be in good agreement with ASTM D 6751 and EN 14214 standards. Various test fuels were prepared for the engine test by blending 10%, 20%, and 100% of landfill waste biodiesel in diesel on volumetric basis and designated as B10, B20, and B100, respectively. The brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of the engine was more while the exhaust emission was less except NOx with biodiesel and its blend (B10 and B20). Thus, landfill waste is a potential source of biodiesel, and blends of landfill waste up to 20% can be used for realizing better performance from the engine.

Assessment of Viral and Bacterial Contamination of Fresh and Ripened Semi-Hard Cheeses

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate viral and bacterial contamination from typical Brazilian cheeses, such as Minas (fresh) and Prato (ripened), commercially obtained in the Greater Metropolitan Region of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Minas [30], Prato [30] and sliced Prato [30] cheese samples were investigated for norovirus genogroup I and II (NoV GI-II) and human adenovirus (HAdV) by direct nucleic acid extraction using TRIzol^® and amplification by TaqMan^® based quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS) and fecal coliforms were also assessed by using standard counting methods. NoV GI and GII were detected in one sample (1.1%) each and HAdV in nine samples (10.0%) while bacteriological analysis revealed five samples (5.5%) contaminated with L. monocytogenes, 27 (30.0%) with fecal coliforms and 10 (11.1%) with CPS. Salmonella spp. was not detected in any sample. Viruses were detected in 11 samples (12.2%), of which 9 met the microbiological criteria used to evaluate the microbiological quality of the cheeses, stressing the importance of considering virological parameters for monitoring this food matrix.

Antirestriction activities of KlcA (RP4) and ArdB (R64) proteins

Abstract

Antirestriction proteins of the ArdB group (ArdB, KlcA) specifically inhibit restriction (endonuclease) activity of restriction-modification (RM) type I systems. Anti-restriction activity of KlcA and ArdB, encoded in transmissible plasmids RP4 (IncPα) and R64 (IncI1), respectively, has been determined. We show that the protein KlcA (RP4), an amino acid sequence identical to that of the protein KlcA (RK2), inhibits the activity of EcoKI when the klcA gene is located on the plasmid under the control of strong promoter. It was demonstrated that proteins KlcA (RP4) and ArdB (R64) are characterized by approximately equal antirestriction activity. Analysis of amino acid sequences of ArdB homologues revealed four groups of conserved amino acids located on the surface of the protein globule: (1) R16, E32, W51; (2) Y46, G48; (3) S84, D86, E132 and (4) N77, L140, D141. It was shown that substitution of polar amino acids to hydrophobic A and L leads to a significant decrease in the ArdB antirestriction activity level (approximately 100-fold). A conserved region forming a 'ring belt' on the globule surface consisting of E32, S84, E132, and both N77 and D141 as the 'key section' of ArdB/KlcA was identified.

Volatile phenols are produced by strains of Dekkera bruxellensis under Brazilian fuel ethanol industry-like conditions

Abstract

Dekkera bruxellensis is a spoilage yeast in wine and fuel ethanol fermentations able to produce volatile phenols from hydroxycinnamic acids by the action of the enzymes cinnamate decarboxylase (CD) and vinyphenol reductase (VR) in wine. However, there is no information about this ability in the bioethanol industry. This work evaluated CD and VR activities and 4-ethylphenol production from p-coumaric acid by three strains of D. bruxellensis and PE-2, an industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain. Single and multiple-cycle batch fermentations in molasses and sugarcane juice were carried out. D. bruxellensis strains showed similar CD activity but differences in VR activity. No production of 4-ethylphenol by S. cerevisiae in any fermentation system or media was observed. The concentrations of 4-ethylphenol peaked during active growth of D. bruxellensis in single-cycle fermentation but they were lower than in multiple-cycle fermentation. Higher concentrations were observed in molasses with molar conversion (p-coumaric acid to 4-ethylphenol) ranging from 45–85%. As the first report on 4-ethylphenol production in sugarcane musts by D. bruxellensis in industry-like conditions, it opens up a new avenue to investigate its effect on the viability and fermentative capacity of S. cerevisiae as well as to understand the interaction between the yeasts in the bioethanol industry.

“A Laboratory Competency Examination in Microbiology”

Abstract

The American Society for Microbiology's curricular guidelines for Introductory Microbiology highlighted key laboratory skills in the isolation, visualization, and identification of microorganisms as core learning objectives in the discipline. Since the publication of these guidelines in 2012, there has been a paucity of diagnostic assessment tools in the literature that can be used to assess competencies in the microbiology laboratory. This project aimed to establish a laboratory competency examination for introductory microbiology, with tasks specifically aligned to laboratory skills and learning outcomes outlined in curricular guidelines for microbiology. A Laboratory Competency Examination assessing student skills in light microscopy, Gram-staining, pure culture, aseptic technique, serial dilution, dilution calculations, and pipetting was developed at The University of Queensland, Australia. The Laboratory Competency Examination was field-tested in a large introductory microbiology subject (∼400 students), and student performance and learning gains data was collected from 2016–2017 to evaluate the validity of the assessment. The resulting laboratory assessment is presented as an endpoint diagnostic tool for assessing laboratory competency that can be readily adapted towards different educational contexts.

Towards biobased industry: acetate as a promising feedstock to enhance the potential of microbial cell factories

Abstract

A broad range of different chemical and pharmaceutical compounds have been produced in microbial cell factories. To compete with traditional crude oil based production processes, the use of complex alternative raw materials such as lignocellulosic biomass, waste streams and utilization of CO₂ in gas fermentations has been suggested. All of these streams contain acetate, a cheap and potentially interesting carbon source for microbial production processes. Acetate (co-)utilization remains challenging, which is the reason for extensive research on the use of acetate for the production of value-added compounds. For industrial implementation of microbial conversion processes using acetate as a feedstock gaining a deeper insight into acetate metabolism of microorganisms is essential. Systems level analyses and manipulation of potential host organisms should be applied to achieve full utilization of this prospective substrate.

Leserbrief zu Steger et al. Methadon gegen Krebs

A kinetic study for the Fenton and photo-Fenton paracetamol degradation in an annular photoreactor

Abstract

A kinetic model describing Fenton and photo-Fenton degradation of paracetamol (PCT) and consumption of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) was proposed. A set of Fenton and photo-Fenton experiments (18 runs in total) was performed by fixing the initial concentration of PCT to 40 mg L⁻¹ and varying the initial concentrations of H₂O₂ and ferrous ion, Fe²⁺. The experimental set-up was a well-stirred annular photoreactor equipped with an actinic BL TL-DK 36 W/10 1SL lamp. Experimental results highlighted that PCT is no more detected by HPLC analysis within a minimum reaction time of 2.5 and a maximum reaction time of 15.0 min. Besides, a maximum conversion of total organic carbon (TOC) of 68.5% was observed after 75 min of reaction in case of using UV radiation and the highest concentrations of the Fenton reagents. The experimental data were used to fit the kinetic model. The radiation field inside the reactor was taken into account through the local volumetric rate of photon absorption, evaluated by assuming a line source model with spherical and isotropic emission. The kinetic parameters were estimated by using a non-linear least-squares regression procedure and root mean square errors (RMSE) were calculated in order to validate the feasibility of the proposed model. A good agreement between experimental and predicted data was observed and the lowest values of RMSE resulted in 5.84 and 9.59% for PCT and H₂O₂ normalized concentrations, respectively.

Explaining enkratic asymmetries: knowledge-first style

Abstract

There are two different kinds of enkratic principles for belief: evidential enkratic principles and normative enkratic principles. It's frequently taken for granted that there's not an important difference between them. But evidential enkratic principles are undermined by considerations that gain no traction at all against their normative counterparts. The idea that such an asymmetry exists between evidential and normative enkratic principles is surprising all on its own. It is also something that calls out for explanation. Similarly, the considerations that undermine evidential enkratic principles also undermine certain narrow-scope evidential principles. This too generates explanatory questions. I show how a knowledge-first view of rationality can easily address these (and further) explanatory questions. Thus we have one more reason to put knowledge first in epistemology.

A Prospective Study of Dairy Food Intake and Early Menopause

Abstract

Early natural menopause, the cessation of ovarian function prior to age 45, affects ~10% of women and increases risk of cardiovascular disease and other conditions. Laboratory evidence suggests a potential role of dairy foods in the ovarian aging process; however, no prior epidemiologic studies have evaluated how dairy intake is associated with risk of early menopause. We therefore evaluated how intakes of total, low-fat, high-fat and individual dairy foods are associated with early menopause in the Nurses' Health Study II. Women who were premenopausal at the start of follow-up in 1991 were followed until 2011 for early menopause. Food frequency questionnaires were used to assess dietary intake. In Cox proportional hazards models adjusting for age, smoking, and other factors, total baseline dairy intake of ≥4 servings/day versus <4 servings/week was associated with 23% lower risk of early menopause (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.64, 0.93; P-trend = 0.08). Associations appeared to be limited to low-fat dairy foods (≥2 servings/day versus <3 servings/month HR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.68, 1.01; P-trend = 0.02), whereas high-fat dairy intake was not associated with early menopause. Low-fat dairy foods may represent a modifiable risk factor to reduce risk of early menopause among premenopausal women.

Human endogenous retroviruses and their implication for immunotherapeutics of cancer

Abstract

Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) have recently caught increased attention as a potential internal trigger to sensitize tumor cells to immunotherapies. HERVs are remnants of retroviral germline infections that resulted in chromosomal integration into all the cells of the progeny. Today, HERVs constitute ∼8% of the human genome, but most elements are highly degenerated, under strict epigenetic regulation, and rarely expressed in healthy tissues. However, cancer cells are specifically prone to reactivate the expression of HERV elements due to epigenetic dysregulation that accumulate during malignant transformation and when using epigenetic therapies. HERV expression can induce an interferon response due to induction of the viral defense pathway, so-called 'viral mimicry'. By mimicking viral infections, HERVs could function as an 'intrinsic adjuvant', possibly sensitizing cancer cells to immunological recognition. Furthermore, translated HERV elements may in themselves form a valuable pool of tumor-associated antigens. Epitopes derived from HERVs have been recognized by cytotoxic CD8⁺ T cells, leading to cancer cell recognition. The combination of 'viral mimicry' and T-cell recognition could provide a powerful combination with existing immune stimulatory therapies, such as checkpoint inhibition. This combination is currently being evaluated in clinical trials in a large number of cancers.

Alectinib as first-line therapy for ALK-rearranged NSCLC: A no-brainer?

The significant impact of apigenin on different aspects of autoimmune disease

Abstract

Autoimmune diseases are among the highest diseases to diagnose and treat. The current "gold standard" of care for these diseases is immunosuppressive drugs which interfere with overall immune responses; their long-term high-dose treatments would expose the patient to opportunistic, life-threatening and long-term malignant infections. Considering the side effects and toxicity of these drug and also the beneficial effects of herbal compounds among their consumers, the professional investigation on the exact mechanism of the plant's major element has grown much attention in the last years. Apigenin as an extracting compound of plants, such as parsley and celery, which has a variety of biological effects, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and antioxidant effects. This review is intended to summarize the various effects of Apigenin on several autoimmune diseases which have been worked on so far. The pluralization of the obtained results has revealed Apigeninʹs effects on pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, chemokines such as ICAM-1, immune cells proliferation such as T cells, apoptosis, and various signaling pathways. According to these preclinical findings, we recommend that further robust unbiased studies should be done to use Apigenin as a supplementary or therapeutic element in autoimmune disease.

mTORC1 inhibition in pediatric low-grade glioma depletes glutathione and therapeutically synergizes with carboplatin

Abstract

Background

Pediatric low-grade glioma (pLGG) often initially respond to front-line therapies such as carboplatin, but more than 50% of treated tumors eventually progress and require additional therapy. The discovery that pLGG often contain mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) activation, new treatment modalities and combinations are now possible for patients. The purpose of this study was to determine if carboplatin is synergistic with the mTORC1 inhibitor everolimus in pLGG.

Methods

We treated four pLGG cell lines and one patient-derived xenograft line representing various pLGG genotypes, including NF1 loss, BRAF-KIAA1549 fusion, and BRAF ^V600E mutation, with carboplatin and/or everolimus and performed assays for growth, cell proliferation, and cell death. Immunohistochemistry as well as in vivo and in vitro metabolomics studies were also performed.

Results

Carboplatin synergized with everolimus in all of our four pLGG cell lines (combination index< 1 at Fa 0.5). Combination therapy was superior at inhibiting tumor growth in vivo. Combination treatment increased levels of apoptosis as well as gamma-H2AX phosphorylation compared to either agent alone. Everolimus treatment suppressed the conversion of glutamine and glutamate into glutathione both in vitro and in vivo. Exogenous glutathione reversed the effects of carboplatin and everolimus.

Conclusions

The combination of carboplatin and everolimus was effective at inducing cell death and slowing tumor growth in pLGG models. Everolimus decreased the amount of available glutathione inside the cell, preventing the detoxification of carboplatin and inducing increased DNA damage and apoptosis.

Toxicity of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate to aquatic plant Potamogeton perfoliatus L.

Abstract

Aquatic plants play an important role in maintaining the health of water environment in nature. Studies have shown that linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), a type of omnipresent pollutant, can cause toxic damage to aquatic plants. In the present research, we studied the physiological and growth response of submerged plant Potamogeton perfoliatus L. to different concentrations of LAS (0.1, 1.0, 10.0, 20.0, and 50.0 mg l⁻¹). The results showed that LAS is toxic to P. perfoliatus, and the toxicity is dose-dependent. Only slightly reversible oxidative damages were observed in the physiological parameters of P. perfoliatus when P. perfoliatus was exposed to lower LAS doses (< 10 mg l⁻¹): soluble sugar, soluble protein, H₂O₂, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in P. perfoliatus increased significantly at 0.1 mg l⁻¹ and then returned to normal levels at 1.0 mg l⁻¹. Antioxidant enzymes were activated before the LAS concentration reached 10 mg l⁻¹, and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and photosynthesis pigment content declined significantly when the concentration of LAS exceeded 10 mg l⁻¹. In addition, at higher concentrations (20–50 mg l⁻¹) of LAS, dry weight and fresh weight of P. perfoliatus showed significant declines. The results indicate that LAS above 10 mg l⁻¹ can cause serious physiological and growth damage to P. perfoliatus.

Cystine-thiamin-containing hair-growth formulation modulates the response to UV radiation in an in vitro model for growth-limiting conditions of human keratinocytes

Publication date: Available online 17 September 2018

Source: Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology

Author(s): Thomas Hengl, Jörn Herfert, Alexander Soliman, Kim Schlinzig, Ralph M. Trüeb, Harry F. Abts

Abstract

Background

Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is known to be harmful to normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) of the epidermal skin layer, as well as to hair-follicle-associated keratinocytes. An oral formulation containing l-cystine, thiamin, calcium d-pantothenate, medicinal yeast, keratin and p-aminobenzoic acid (Panto[vi]gar®) has demonstrated clinical efficacy for the treatment of diffuse telogen effluvium; however, its mode of action at the cellular level, and in particular whether protective mechanisms are involved, has yet to be elucidated.

Objectives

To assess the capacity of ingredients of this oral formulation, both separately and in combination, to modulate the effects of UVR in growth-limited NHEKs in vitro.

Methods

NHEKs were incubated in keratinocyte basal medium, keratinocyte basal medium lacking cystine, thiamin, calcium d-pantothenate, folic acid and biotine (minimal growth medium [MGM]) or MGM plus test compound. Test compounds comprised the following four ingredients related to the oral formulation: l-cystine, thiamin, calcium d-pantothenate and folic acid (a proposed metabolite of p-aminobenzoic acid), and a combination of these (Panto[vi]gar®-in vitro correlate; P-IC). The effect of different doses of these compounds on the metabolic activity and proliferation of NHEKs was tested, as well as their influence on the impact of UV light on NHEKs assessed by monitoring metabolic activity, cell number and apoptosis induction.

Results

Compared with basal medium, MGM reduced the proliferation of NHEKs in a time-dependent manner. Reduced proliferation is a characteristic of the multifactorial and complex phenotype associated with diffuse hair loss. l-cystine (50 μM) increased metabolic activity and proliferation 3-fold versus MGM (p < 0.05). Thiamin also had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on proliferation and metabolic activity of NHEKs, but calcium d-pantothenate and folic acid did not when tested individually in this in vitro model. In the presence of P-IC, metabolic activity increased 4-fold and proliferation 3-fold compared with MGM alone (p < 0.05 for both).

Following UV irradiation, cells in MGM showed a 72% reduction in metabolic activity, while P-IC-treated cells showed only a 12–18% reduction. The observed prevention of the UV-induced reduction in metabolic activity was not simply due to filtering UVR by the P-IC components, as P-IC-mediated reduction of this effect persisted even when P-IC was washed out during UV irradiation.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that l-cystine and thiamin are essential for proliferation of epidermal keratinocytes and suggests a novel, UV-protective potential of formulations combining l-cystine and thiamin in growth-limited inter-follicular NHEKs in vitro.

Fenómeno isotópico inverso en el síndrome de reacción por drogas con eosinofilia y síntomas sistémicos

Publication date: Available online 17 September 2018

Source: Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas

Author(s): M. Adil, Syed Suhail Amin, R. Dinesh Raj, Hera Tabassum

Langzeitfolgen nach Behandlung testikulärer Malignome

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Dank moderner onkologischer Behandlungen ist Hodenkrebs („testicular cancer", TC) inzwischen heilbar. Doch für die Überlebenden ergeben sich aus langfristigen nachteiligen Folgen für ihre Gesundheit („adverse health outcomes", AHOs) Risiken für eine höhere Mortalität und eine beeinträchtigte gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität („health-related quality of life", HR-QoL).

Ziel

Ziel der Arbeit war eine Übersicht über AHOs nach onkologischer Behandlung maligner Hodentumoren.

Material und Methoden

Veröffentlichte Studien und früher erstellte Übersichtsarbeiten wurden zusammengefasst.

Ergebnisse

Fünfundzwanzig Jahre nach Erstdiagnose kommt es zu einer Verringerung der Überlebensraten, im Wesentlichen aufgrund von behandlungsbezogenen Zweitmalignomen und/oder von kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen bei Vorliegen einzelner Komponenten des metabolischen Syndroms. Mit zunehmendem Alter wird die Cisplatin-induzierte Ototoxizität für TCS („testicular cancer survivors", Hodenkrebsüberlebende) zu einem klinisch relevanten Problem, die Toxizität für periphere Nerven dagegen ist nur sehr selten von wesentlicher klinischer Bedeutung. Angst („anxiety") ist die wichtigste psychische AHO, nicht depressive Störungen. Die HR-QoL der meisten Patienten ist gut, doch die Arbeitsfähigkeit kann durch eine sehr intensive Behandlung beeinträchtigt werden.

Schlussfolgerung

Wenn sowohl Patienten als auch im Gesundheitswesen Tätige die möglichen langfristigen AHOs nach erfolgreicher Behandlung maligner Hodentumoren kennen und präventive wie therapeutische Maßnahmen initiieren, können sie zur Verringerung der langfristigen Mortalität und Morbidität und zur Verbesserung der Lebensqualität beitragen. Im Rahmen einer risikoadaptierten TC-Behandlung sollte eine Radiatio so weit wie möglich vermieden werden. Bisher vorliegende Daten weisen auf vorzeitige Alterungsprozesse bei intensiv behandelten TCS hin. Um diese vorläufigen Beobachtungen zu überprüfen, bedarf es umfangreicherer Studien und längerer Follow-up-Zeiten.

Glabella impending skin necrosis: a case report

Abstract

A 47-year-old female patient undergoing hyaluronic acid injection in the glabella region suffered intravascular injection leading to marked discoloration (whitening) of the whole angiosome of the supratrochlear artery, extending to the areas of the anastomoses to the left upper eyelid, the dorsum of the nose, and the left sidewall of the nose. The syringe was immediately withdrawn while aspirating and prompt salvage counter-measures were taken, including application of warm compresses, vigorous massaging, oral administration of aspirin, repeated injections of hyaluronidase, and application of nitroglycerine paste on the affected area. The patient was followed up on a daily basis and the only additional treatment was the application of a combined antibiotic/steroid cream. The area affected healed satisfactorily with no scarring after 20 days. Our treatment protocol is discussed with special mention to the emerging role of hyaluronidase as the single most important rescue measure in the treatment of hyaluronic acid filler-related vascular adverse events.

Level of Evidence: Level V, therapeutic study

Acquired disorders with hypopigmentation: A clinical approach to diagnosis and treatment

Publication date: Available online 17 September 2018

Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology

Author(s): Mohammed D. Saleem, Elias Oussedik, Mauro Picardo, Jennifer J. Schoch

Abstract

Acquired hypopigmented skin changes are commonly encountered by dermatologists. Although hypopigmentation is often asymptomatic and benign, occasional serious and disabling conditions present with cutaneous hypopigmentation. A thorough history and physical examination, centered on disease distribution and morphological findings, can aid in delineating the causes of acquired hypopigmented disorders. Part II of this two-part series focuses on conditions with a hypopigmented phenotype. Early diagnosis and appropriate management of these disorders can improve a patient's quality of life, halt disease progression, and prevent irreversible disability.

Acquired disorders with depigmentation: A systematic approach to vitiliginoid conditions

Publication date: Available online 17 September 2018

Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology

Author(s): Mohammed D. Saleem, Elias Oussedik, Jennifer J. Schoch, Adam C. Berger, Mauro Picardo

Abstract

Acquired disorders with depigmentation are commonly encountered by dermatologists and present with a wide differential diagnosis. Vitiligo, the most common disorder of acquired depigmentation, is characterized by well-defined depigmented macules and patches. Other conditions, such as chemical leukoderma, can present with similar findings, and are often easily mistaken for vitiligo. Key clinical features can help differentiate between acquired disorders of depigmentation. Part I of this two-part series focuses on conditions with a vitiligo-like phenotype. Early recognition and adequate treatment of these conditions is critical in providing appropriate prognostication and treatment.

In regards to Girard et a.l Occurrence of vismodegib-induced cramps (muscular spasms) in the treatment of basal cell carcinoma: A prospective study in 30 patients

Publication date: Available online 17 September 2018

Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology

Author(s): Matthew S. Dinehart, Stacy McMurray, Scott Dinehart, Mark Lebwohl

Thoracotomy and esophageal surgery: Key points to preserve the possibilities of flaps

Publication date: Available online 17 September 2018

Source: Annales de Chirurgie Plastique Esthétique

Author(s): N. Bertheuil, N. Isola, D. Bergeat, C. Mocquard, E. Watier, S. Rouze, B. Meunier

Summary

Anastomotic leakage frequently complicates esophagectomy and can trigger a rare life- threatening complication, a tracheoesophageal fistula. No guideline has yet addressed this complication. Plastic surgeons play a crucial role for salvage surgery. When a re-operation is chosen the possibilities of flap interposition depend on how the thoracotomy was initially performed. This study tried to identify key techniques in order help thoracic or general surgeons to preserve all the local flaps available for TEF if it occurs. These techniques improve flap conservation, helping plastic surgeons when a later transposition flap is required.

Résumé

Les fistules anastomotiques compliquent fréquemment les suites de la chirurgie du cancer de l'œsophage et peuvent mettre en jeu le pronostic vital des patients. Les fistules œsotrachéales sont rares, raison pour laquelle il n'existe pas de guideline chirurgical pour leur prise en charge. Quand une ré-opération est réalisée, les possibilités de lambeaux dépendent de la façon dont la thoracotomie a été réalisée. Dans cet article nous avons identifié plusieurs points clés techniques qui permettent aux chirurgiens digestif et thoracique de préserver l'ensemble des possibilités de lambeaux.

Residues of endosulfan in cotton growing area of Vehari, Pakistan: an assessment of knowledge and awareness of pesticide use and health risks

Abstract

This study is based on self-reported information collected from selected farmers of Vehari District, Punjab, Pakistan, to determine their technical knowledge and awareness about pesticide use and associated environmental and health risks. Moreover, soil contamination by routinely used persistent organochlorine pesticide, endosulfan, was also evaluated. Survey data revealed very low literacy rate (on an average 9th grade education) and technical knowledge (almost missing) of the farmers in Vehari District. The farmers are unable to fully read and understand the instructions about the use of pesticide marked on the containers. They are not fully aware of pesticide persistence and toxicity (73%), unable to identify cotton pests and diseases (86%), and do not know which crop to grow in cotton adjacent fields (100%). Data also revealed that the farmers (100%) do not follow safety measure during pesticide application and are unaware of pesticide toxicity symptoms in human as well as the basic first-aid practices (89%).

Poor literacy rate and lack of technical knowledge of farmers in Vehari regarding pesticide use and handling are posing serious environmental and health risks among the local inhabitants, particularly among farmers. Soil analysis results showed that concentration of α- and β-endosulfan ranged from 0–14 to 0–14.64 μg/mg, respectively. Principal component analysis showed that soil organic matter is the key soil parameter controlling the occurrence and fate of endosulfan under sandy loam soil conditions of Vehari District. There is a serious need of improving technical and environmental knowledge of farmer about pesticide risks on human health in the studied area, in particular, and the entire country in general. Findings are of great use for policymaking in Pakistan to minimize pesticide risks in Pakistan.

Adsorption and removal of chromium (VI) contained in aqueous solutions using a chitosan-based hydrogel

Abstract

The aim of this work was to study the adsorption and removal of chromium (VI) ions contained in aqueous solutions using a chitosan-based hydrogel synthesized via chemical crosslinking of radical chitosan, polyacrylic acid, and N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the hydrogel synthesis and presence of reactive functional groups for the adsorption of chromium (VI) ions. The chromium (VI) adsorption mechanism was evaluated using non-linear Langmuir, Freundlich, Redlich-Peterson, and Sips isotherms, with the best fit found by the non-linear Redlich-Peterson isotherm. The maximum chromium (VI) adsorption capacities of the chitosan-based hydrogel were 73.14 and 93.03 mg metal per g dried hydrogel, according to the non-linear Langmuir and Sips isotherm models, respectively. The best kinetic fit was found with the pseudo-nth order kinetic model. The chromium (VI) removal percentage at pH 4.5 and 100 mg L⁻¹ initial metal concentration was 94.72%. The results obtained in this contribution can be useful for future works involving scale-up of a water and wastewater treatment method from a pilot plant to full-scale plant.

Psoriasiform skin eruption in a patient receiving certolizumab‐pegol for ankylosing spondylitis: Report of a case and review of the literature

Dermatologic Therapy, EarlyView.

Peripheral blood toll‐like receptor 4 correlates response to candida immunotherapy of warts

Dermatologic Therapy, EarlyView.

Probiotics and plant-derived compounds as eco-friendly agents to inhibit microbial toxins in poultry feed: a comprehensive review

Abstract

Some of pathogenic bacteria and fungi have the ability to produce fetal toxins which may be the direct causes of cytotoxicity or cellular dysfunction in the colonization site. Biological and non-biological environmental factors, challenge and microbes influence the effect of toxins on these pathogens. Modern research mentions that many natural materials can reduce the production of toxins in pathogenic microbes. However, researches that explain the mechanical theories of their effects are meager. This review aimed to discuss the ameliorative potential role of plant-derived compounds and probiotics to reduce the toxin production of food-borne microbes either in poultry bodies or poultry feedstuff. Moreover, studies that highlight their own toxicological mechanisms have been discussed. Adding natural additives to feed has a clear positive effect on the enzymatic and microbiological appearance of the small intestine without any adverse effect on the liver. Studies in this respect were proposed to clarify the effects of these natural additives for feed. In conclusion, it could be suggested that the incorporation of probiotics, herbal extracts, and herbs in the poultry diets has some beneficial effects on productive performance, without a positive impact on economic efficiency. In addition, the use of these natural additives in feed has a useful impact on the microbiological appearance of the small intestine and do not have any adverse impacts on intestinal absorption or liver activity as evidenced by histological examination.

Full manuscript title: Early subungual melanoma: A diagnostic and treatment challenge

Dermatologic Therapy, EarlyView.