Medicine by Alexandros G. Sfakianakis: 10/04/18

Πέμπτη 4 Οκτωβρίου 2018

“So … who is your audience?”

Abstract

To whom, if anyone, are the writings of philosophers of science relevant? There are three potential groups of people: Philosophers, Scientists, and Interested Citizens, within and beyond the academy. I argue that our discipline is potentially relevant to all three, but I particularly press the claims of the Interested Citizens. My essay is in dialogue with a characteristically insightful lecture given thirty years ago by Arthur Fine. Addressing the Philosophy of Science Association as its president, Fine argued that general philosophy of science was dead, and that all the action lay in the philosophy of the special sciences. I try to identify what was correct about Fine's diagnosis, while supplementing his message by describing fruitful projects that have since emerged. I also hope to share his subversive spirit.

The division of cognitive labor: two missing dimensions of the debate

Abstract

The question of the division of cognitive labor (DCL) has given rise to various models characterizing the way scientists should distribute their efforts. These models often consider the scientific community as a self-governed sphere constituted by rational agents making choices on the basis of fixed rules. Such models have recently been criticized for not taking into account the real mechanisms of science funding. Hence, the question of the utility of the DCL models in guiding science policy remains an open one. In this paper, we show that two unconsidered dimensions would have to be taken into account. First, DCL studies miss the existence of distinct levels of epistemic objectives organizing the research process. Indeed, the scientific field is structured as a system of hierarchical, interconnected practices which are defined both by their inherent purposes and by various superposed external functions. Second, I criticize the absence of ontological considerations, since the epistemological significance of pluralism is highly dependent on the nature of the object under study. Because of these missing dimensions, current DCL models might have a limited usefulness to identify good practices of research governance.

Vessel Wall Enhancement in Treated Unruptured Aneurysms [LETTERS]

Reply: [LETTERS]

Methodologic Issues on Interrater Reliability Regarding Structural and DTI-Based Corticospinal Tract Asymmetry [LETTERS]

Flow-Diversion Effect of LEO Stents: Aneurysm Occlusion and Flow Remodeling of Covered Side Branches and Perforators [INTERVENTIONAL]

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:

Flow diversion with intermediate-porosity stents (braided stents) has been recently reported for distally located small aneurysms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the flow-diversion effect of LEO stents on covered vessels and for aneurysms treated with sole stent-placement therapy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

We retrospectively evaluated the following outcomes: 1) remodeling of covered side branches and perforators (extra-aneurysmal flow remodeling), and 2) the occlusion rate of aneurysms treated with sole stent-placement therapy (intra-aneurysmal flow remodeling).

RESULTS:

Seventy-six patients with 98 covered vessels were studied. Overall, 89 covered arteries (91%) were normal, 7 showed narrowing (7%), and 2 (2%) were occluded (1 posterior communicating artery and 1 MCA) without related complications (mean DSA follow-up, 14 months). Univariate and multivariate analyses highlighted smoking (P = .03) and the length of follow-up (P = .002) as factors associated with arterial remodeling. Of the 17 Sylvian (lenticulostriate arteries) and 7 basilar perforators, 1 (4%) group of Sylvian perforators covered with double stents had asymptomatic remodeling. Ten aneurysms (mean size, 3.5 mm) were treated with LEO stents as stent monotherapy (5 recanalized after coiling and 5 directly treated with the LEO). Complete occlusion (Raymond-Roy I) was achieved in 70% of aneurysms (mean follow-up, 14 months). The Raymond-Roy I occlusion rate among recanalized aneurysms and those directly treated with LEO stents was 80% and 60%, respectively (P = .9).

CONCLUSIONS:

The rate of flow remodeling on the covered arteries and perforators was 9% and 4%, respectively, and was clinically irrelevant in all cases. Complete occlusion of aneurysms treated with sole stent-placement therapy was 70%. These data stress the flow-diversion properties of LEO stents.

Subtraction CTA: An Alternative Imaging Option for the Follow-Up of Flow-Diverter-Treated Aneurysms? [INTERVENTIONAL]

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:

This was a pilot study to explore the diagnostic accuracy and safety of subtraction CTA combined with a single-energy metal artifact reduction algorithm (SEMAR) compared to DSA for the evaluation of intracranial aneurysm occlusion after flow diverter treatment.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

We included patients treated with a flow diverter for an unruptured intracranial aneurysm between November 2015 and November 2016. The patient cohort comprised 2 groups: those who underwent follow-up imaging 1 month after flow-diverter treatment and those with a known residual intracranial aneurysm after flow diverter treatment who underwent imaging at regular follow-ups. Full-brain subtraction CTA was performed on a 320–detector row CT system. A low-dose non-enhanced volume acquisition was followed by a contrast-enhanced volume CTA. Iterative and noise-reduction filters, SEMAR, and ^SURESubtraction algorithms were applied. DSA was performed on a flat panel C-arm angiography system. Standard posteroanterior, lateral, 3D, and detailed 2D acquisitions were performed. Imaging was independently scored by 2 clinicians. Aneurysm occlusion (Raymond scale) was our primary outcome parameter.

RESULTS:

Thirteen intracranial aneurysms were evaluated with subtraction CTA and DSA. Nine aneurysm remnants were demonstrated by both subtraction CTA and DSA. The sensitivity and specificity of subtraction CTA for the detection of aneurysm occlusion were 100% (95% CI, 82.41%–100%) and 100% (95% CI, 67.55%–100%), respectively. Agreement between readers was perfect ( = 1.0). The smallest neck remnant detected on subtraction CTA was 1.2 mm. No complications occurred.

CONCLUSIONS:

Subtraction CTA with single-electron metal artifact reduction is effective in the reduction of metal artifacts of flow diverters and might therefore be a viable alternative in the assessment of intracranial aneurysm occlusion after flow diverter treatment.

Fluoroscopically Guided Facet Injections: Comparison of Intra-Articular and Periarticular Steroid and Anesthetic Injection on Immediate and Short-Term Pain Relief [SPINE]

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:

The effectiveness of facet injections is unclear in the literature. Our objective was to determine the immediate and short-term efficacy of intra-articular and periarticular steroid/anesthetic injections for facet-mediated lumbar pain.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

All outpatient fluoroscopically guided facet injections at a single institution during a 54-month period were retrospectively and independently reviewed by 2 musculoskeletal (MSK) trained radiologists. All intra-articular, all periarticular, and partial intra-/periarticular injection locations were determined. Periarticular and partial peri-/intra-articular injections were combined for analysis. Preinjection, immediate, and 1-week postinjection numeric pain scores, patient age, sex, anesthetic/steroid mixture, fluoroscopic time, and physician performing the procedure were recorded.

RESULTS:

Seventy-seven patients (mean age, 51.1 years) had 100 procedures with 205 total facet joints injected. All intra-articular, all periarticular, and partial peri-/intra-articular injections constituted 54%, 20%, and 26% of the cases, respectively. The immediate and 1-week postprocedural change in pain was –3.7 (95% CI, –4.5 to –2.8; P < .001) and –1.4 (95% CI, –2.2 to –0.6; P = .001) for the all intra-articular and –3.6 (95% CI, –4.4 to –2.9; P < .001) and –1.2 (95% CI, –1.9 to –0.4; P = .002) for the combined group. Changes in immediate pain were significantly associated with the prepain level (P < .001) and patient age (P = .024) but not with the anesthetic used. Analyses revealed no significant difference in pain reduction between the groups either immediately or 1 week postinjection. Intra-articular injections required less fluoroscopic time (geometric mean, 39 versus 52 seconds) (P = .005).

CONCLUSIONS:

Intra-articular and periarticular fluoroscopically guided facet injections provide statistically significant and similar pain relief both immediately and 1 week postinjection.

Spinal Coccidioidomycosis: MR Imaging Findings in 41 Patients [SPINE]

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:

Coccidioides immitis is a dimorphic fungus endemic to the Southwest United States and Mexico, and at our institution, it is a relatively common pathogen presenting with a broad spectrum of associated spine diseases. We describe the various spinal manifestations resulting from coccidioidal infection and provide MR imaging examples from 41 pathologically proved cases.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Retrospective electronic medical record and PACS searches were performed. Patients found to have both MR imaging findings positive for infection and confirmative biopsy and/or CSF studies were included. Abnormal MR imaging findings were identified, categorized, and quantified. Patient demographics and associated intracranial involvement if present were also recorded.

RESULTS:

Forty-one patients were included. Positive findings were categorized as leptomeningeal enhancement (26 patients, 63%), arachnoiditis (22 patients, 54%), osteomyelitis-discitis (14 patients, 34%), cord edema (11 patients, 27%), and true syrinx (3 patients, 7%). Thirty patients had documented brain involvement (73%), most commonly in the form of basilar meningitis. Four patients were positive for HIV (10%). Fifteen patients had pulmonary manifestations at presentation (37%).

CONCLUSIONS:

C immitis results in various spinal manifestations, most commonly leptomeningeal enhancement and arachnoiditis/adhesive disease followed by osteomyelitis, which may resemble tuberculous or pyogenic infection on MR imaging.

Impact of Ischemic Lesion Location on the mRS Score in Patients with Ischemic Stroke: A Voxel-Based Approach [ADULT BRAIN]

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:

Previous studies indicated that ischemic lesion volume might be a useful surrogate marker for functional outcome in ischemic stroke but should be considered in the context of lesion location. In contrast to previous studies using the ROI approach, which has several drawbacks, the present study aimed to measure the impact of ischemic lesion location on functional outcome using a more precise voxelwise approach.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Datasets of patients with acute ischemic strokes from the Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial of Endovascular Therapy for Acute Ischemic Stroke in the Netherlands (MR CLEAN) were used. Primary outcome was functional outcome as assessed by the modified Rankin Scale 3 months after stroke. Ischemic lesion volume was determined on CT scans 3–9 days after stroke. Voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping techniques, including covariates that are known to be associated with functional outcome, were used to determine the impact of ischemic lesion location for outcome.

RESULTS:

Of the 500 patients in the MR CLEAN trial, 216 were included for analysis. The mean age was 63 years. Lesion-symptom mapping with inclusion of covariates revealed that especially left-hemispheric lesions in the deep periventricular white matter and adjacent internal capsule showed a great influence on functional outcome.

CONCLUSIONS:

Our study confirms that infarct location has an important impact on functional outcome of patients with stroke and should be considered in prediction models. After we adjusted for covariates, the left-hemispheric corticosubcortical fiber tracts seemed to be of higher functional importance compared with cortical lesions.

Do All Patients with Multiple Sclerosis Benefit from the Use of Contrast on Serial Follow-Up MR Imaging? A Retrospective Analysis [ADULT BRAIN]

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:

Patients with multiple sclerosis routinely have MR imaging with contrast every 6–12 months to assess response to medication. Multiple recent studies provide evidence of tissue deposition of MR imaging contrast agents, questioning the long-term safety of these agents. The goal of this retrospective image-analysis study was to determine whether contrast could be reserved for only those patients who show new MS lesions on follow-up examinations.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

We retrospectively reviewed brain MRIs of 138 patients. To increase our sensitivity, we used a previously described computerized image-comparison software to evaluate the stability or progression of multiple sclerosis white matter lesions in noncontrast FLAIR sequences. We correlated these findings with evidence of contrast-enhancing lesions on the enhanced T1 sequence from the same scan.

RESULTS:

Thirty-three scans showed an increase in white matter lesion burden. Among those 33 patients, 14 examinations also demonstrated enhancing new lesions. While we found a single example of enhancement of a pre-existing white matter lesion that appeared unchanged in size, that same examination showed an overall increase in lesion burden with enhancement of other, new lesions. Thus, we found that all patients with enhancing lesions had evidence of progression on their noncontrast imaging.

CONCLUSIONS:

Because all enhancing lesions were associated with new lesions on unenhanced imaging and progression was only evident in 24% of patients, in patients with relapsing-remitting MS, it is reasonable to consider reserving contrast for only those patients with evidence of progression on noncontrast MR images.

Reply: [LETTERS]

Congenital absence of the deep inferior epigastric system: a case report

Abstract

Preoperative computerised tomographic angiography (CTA) in free flap breast reconstruction outlines the deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP). It can identify a single or twin system, measure vessel calibre, and identify iatrogenic/congenital anatomical variations. Evidence of the effect of previous abdominal incisions on this vessel system remain inconclusive. We present the case of a congenital absence of the system identified from routine preoperative CTA. A 61-year-old female presented for immediate unilateral breast reconstruction following mastectomy for ductal carcinoma in situ. She previously had a right-sided Kocher's incision performed for an open cholecystectomy and a gridiron incision. Coincidentally, preoperative CTA demonstrated congenital absence of the left DIEP system, and marked atrophy of the upper right rectus abdominis (RA). As a result, the superior gluteal artery perforator (SGAP) flap was planned. Intraoperatively, a 1.318-kg SGAP was raised on three perforators and coupled to the internal mammary vessels. In the postoperative period, there were no complications. Preoperative CTA demonstrated multiple hazards in raising a DIEP flap, CTA permitted surgical planning, improving patient safety and surgical efficiency. Preoperative CTA identifies vessel abnormalities resulting from abdominal scarring. The rate of congenital anomalies is unknown. This incidental discovery highlights the role CTA has in reducing operative time, facilitating a successful free tissue transfer, therefore improving patient safety.

Level of Evidence: Level V, diagnostic study.

Risk assessment of some organic contaminants: a case study based on food consumption in Tanta and Ismailia cities, Egypt

Abstract

The impact of some organic pollutants on some residents of Tanta and Ismailia cities of Egypt through their consumption of vegetables, fruits and fish (Nile tilapia and catfish) was examined. Residues of organochlorine (OC_S) and organophosphorus (OP_S) as some polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB_S) were compared with pesticides as well maximum residue limits (MRL_S). Probable health risk to consumers was also assessed. P, P′-DDT, P, P′-DDE, P, P′-DDD, endrin, α-BHC, (lindane), and hexachlorbenzene (HCB) were the most detected organochlorine compounds, but did not exceed MRLs.

However, OP_S residues were the most frequently detected contaminants. PCBs congeners 28, 70, 52, and 180 were detected in tilapia fish from Tanta, but congeners 28 and 180 were the only detected congeners in samples collected from Ismailia region. ∑PCB_S values in all matrices did not exceed MRL_S. Hazard index (HI) exhibited unity for all compounds at 50 the decreasing order: catfish > vegetables > fruits > Nile tilapia in Tanta, while in Ismailia the order was Nile tilapia > fruit > vegetables. Results also revealed that risk values for adults were greater than those of children categories.

Leaders In Plastic Surgery The Dingman-Grabb Era 1946-1986. By Robert M. Oneal MD and Lauralee A. Lutz. Pp. 202. Michigan Publishing, Ann Arbor, MI., 2017. Price $19.99.

No abstract available

Minimal pain with Prepectoral implant based breast reconstruction

No abstract available

Does reconstruction preserving the first or first two rays benefit over full transmetatarsal amputation in diabetic foot?

Background: The benefits of total transmetatarsal amputation (TMA) over higher level amputation are well known. However, there are no studies evaluating the effects of first or the first two ray sparing transmetatarsal amputation with flap coverage. We evaluated this approach in regards to functional outcome and to identify long-term complications. Material and Method: Retrospective data of 59 patients were evaluated according to their surgical method. Complete TMA with free flap reconstruction was designated as group TMA with 27 patients and first or first two rays preserving TMA with free flap reconstruction was designated as group Ray with 32 patients. Demographics, flap outcomes, additional procedures after initial healing and functional outcomes were measured and evaluated. Results: There was no statistical significant difference in demographic distribution and flap outcomes in either group except poor blood sugar control in group Ray. Additional procedures after initial healing showed no statistical difference but the tendency of minor procedures was higher in group Ray. The maximum achieved ambulatory function was significantly better in group Ray with an ambulatory function score of 4.4 over 3.7 in group TMA (p= 0.012). Conclusion: The preservation of the first or first two rays with free flap reconstruction may functionally benefit the patients despite the higher tendency of minor procedures after initial healing. Furthermore, the progressive deformity of the preserved first and second toes will inevitably occur requiring patients to undergo further surgery. Further studies are warranted to evaluate this approach. Conflict of interest: The authors have no conflict of interest of any kind regarding this article. Address correspondence to: Joon Pio Hong, M.D., Ph.D., M.M.M., Professor, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43 gil, SongPa-Gu, Seoul 05505, Korea. ©2018American Society of Plastic Surgeons

Current Use of Biological Scaffolds in Plastic Surgery

Properly designed biodegradable scaffolds facilitate repair or regeneration of stromal tissues. Over the last 50 years, a variety of synthetic, semi-synthetic and decellularized scaffolds have been developed that provide surgeons with tools to reconstruct a wide array of structural defects. We reviewed the literature of biological degradable scaffolds in current clinical use in the US and highlight their design principles as well as products in common use. Host tissues populate scaffolds with inflammatory cells, fibroblasts, blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics. Cells lay down extracellular matrix macromolecules while enzymes degrade the scaffold. Over time the scaffold can be totally replaced by host tissues. The greatest use of scaffolds in plastic surgery is in skin replacement, breast reconstruction, abdominal wall reconstruction and peripheral nerve repair. Other areas of importance are cartilage and bone replacement as well as support for lining replacements such bowel, bladder, mucosa and dura. The wide range of research being done in this field is likely to provide surgeons with more choices and improved materials to repair and regenerate stromal structures. Disclosure: Dr. Orgill receives research funding through grants to Brigham and Women's Hospital from ACell Inc., Integra LifeSciences, Inc. and the Musculoskeletal Transplant Foundation. He is a consultant for Integra LifeSciences Inc., the Musculoskeletal Transplant Foundation (MTF) and Geistlich Pharma North America Inc. All other authors declare no actual or potential conflict of interests: in addition they disclose no commercial or financial associations, personal or other relationships with other people or organizations that could inappropriately influence the reported manuscript or create a conflict of interest with the information presented. Corresponding author: Dennis P. Orgill, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital - Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St., Boston MA 02115, T: 617-525-7837, Email: dorgill@partners.org ©2018American Society of Plastic Surgeons

Assessing Quality of Life and Patient-Reported Satisfaction with Masculinizing Top Surgery: A Mixed-Methods Descriptive Survey Study

Background: Masculinizing top surgery (bilateral mastectomy with chest wall reconstruction) is an important gender-affirming procedure sought by many transmasculine and non-binary individuals. Current literature is primarily focused on details of surgical technique and complication rates, with limited data available on how top surgery affects subjective quality of life measures. Methods: An anonymous online survey was distributed to 81 of the senior author's former top surgery patients. Survey response rate was 72% (58 respondents). Responses were analyzed to investigate quality of life, sexual confidence, mental health, satisfaction with top surgery, and patient attitudes toward top surgery's role in gender affirmation. Results: Following top surgery, measures of quality of life and sexual confidence significantly improved (P

Spotlight in Plastic Surgery: January 2019

No abstract available

Reporting Adverse Events in Plastic Surgery: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

Background: Accurate knowledge of adverse events is critical for evaluation of the safety and efficacy of interventions. Historically, adverse events in surgical trials have been poorly reported. The objective of this study was to systematically evaluate the reporting of adverse events in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in the plastic surgery literature. Methods: Two independent reviewers conducted a systematic search using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and SCOPUS of the top seven plastic surgery journals with the highest impact factors. RCTs describing a potentially invasive treatment, published between January 2012 and December 2016, were included. Results: One hundred and forty-five RCTs involving 10,266 patients were included, of which 30% were registered. Anticipated adverse events were clearly defined in 15% of trials, and in 70% it was not clear who would be documenting adverse events. Furthermore, 72% of RCTs reported the occurrence of adverse events, of which 61% failed to report events occurring in the intra-interventional period. Of the trials not documenting any adverse event, two-thirds included a statement declaring that no adverse events had occurred. Binary logistic regression revealed that funded RCTs were 4.04 times more likely to report adverse events compared to non-funded RCTs (95% CI 1.41-10.83, p=0.009). Conclusions: Our findings suggest the need for reporting standards for adverse events in the plastic surgery literature, as such reporting remains heterogeneous and is lacking rigor. Improved quality and transparency is needed to strengthen evidenced-based practice and permit a balanced intervention assessment. This study provides a set of recommendations aimed at improving adverse event reporting. Financial Disclosure Statement: The authors have no financial disclosures to declare. Presentation: This article was accepted for presentation at the 71st annual Canadian Society of Plastic Surgeons Meeting in Winnipeg, MB Canada. Corresponding Author: Jason G. Williams, MD MEd FRCSC, Division of Plastic Surgery, Dalhousie University, QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax Infirmary, 4447, 1796 Summer Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, B3H 3A7, Tel: +1-(902)-473-6315, E-mail address: drjwilliams@gmail.com ©2018American Society of Plastic Surgeons

Tips for Making a Successful Online Microsurgery Educational Platform – The Experience of International Microsurgery Club

The presence of online learning resources has grown tremendously in recent years. They provide powerful and yet easily accessible means of learning and sharing knowledge. Online learning resources now encompass all aspects of medicine, and microsurgery is no exception. International Microsurgery Club (IMC) is a closed, invitation-only group based on the Facebook social media platform. It was initiated on May 6, 2016, with primary objectives of providing a convenient forum for discussing challenging cases, sharing valuable resources, and providing opportunities for research collaboration. The membership of IMC has grown over 8700 at two year of existence, and continues to expand. IMC has become one of the largest online platforms for global microsurgeons. Here, we share our experience on how to establish a successful online platform for medical education. Financial disclosure statement: None of the authors have financial interests in any of the products, devices, or drugs mentioned in this manuscript. This article has been presented at the World Society for Reconstructive Microsurgery, 2017, Seoul, South Korea. Correspondence author and requests for reprints: Tommy Nai-Jen Chang, M.D. Assistant Professor, Division of Reconstructive Microsurgery, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 5, Fu-Hsing St. Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan, Taiwan. Tel: 886-3-3281200 Ext. 3355, Fax: 886-3-3289582, E-mail: tommynjchang@yahoo.com.tw ©2018American Society of Plastic Surgeons

Activation of peroxymonosulfate by Fe-N complexes embedded within SBA-15 for removal of organic contaminants via production of singlet oxygen

Abstract

Persulfates are recognized as promising oxidants and an alternative to Fenton reaction for water treatment. However, activation methods in hand restrict the practical application. Herein, we explore the possibility of Fe-N complexes being a catalyst for persulfate activation for the first time. The catalyst denoted as Fe-Im-SBA was synthesized from ferric chloride, imidazole, and SBA-15 at high temperature. The internal pore structure of Fe-Im-SBA was maintained well; Fe, N and C elements are evenly distributed on the catalyst. This catalyst presents an extraordinarily catalytic activity for Rh B removal by PMS activation with a removal rate of Rh B that reached up to 97.0% in the first 5 min. It also performed well in a wide pH range with complete removal of Rh B in pH ranged from 0.5 to 10, suggesting the stability of this catalyst in both acidic and alkaline conditions. It also showed high adaptability to degrade different kinds of pollutants, which could give an attractive advantage of Fe-Im-SBA for environmental implications. Through X-ray absorption spectroscopies analysis, it shows that the active sites of Fe-Im-SBA are composed of Fe-N₄ sites and Fe₂–N₂ sites. ¹O₂ were proved to generate in the Fe-Im-SBA/PMS system and serve as the major ROS. Meanwhile, graphitic carbon can accelerate the transfer of electrons, which may also be the reason for its high catalytic performance.

Distribution of organic and inorganic mercury in the tissues and organs of fish from the southern Baltic Sea

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of total mercury (THg), methylmercury (CH₃Hg⁺), and inorganic mercury (Hg_inorg) in the tissues and organs of fish depending on species, tissue, and organ, and their bioaccumulation in tissues and biomagnification throughout the trophic web. The study included four species of fish (herring, sprat, cod, and eel) from the southern Baltic Sea. The concentrations of the different forms of mercury were determined in tissues and internal organs. Intra-specific differences in levels of THg, CH₃Hg⁺, and Hg_inorg in the tissues and organs were determined. Muscle contained the highest proportions of THg and CH₃Hg⁺ in comparison to that in the internal organs. Differences in concentrations of THg, CH₃Hg⁺, and Hg_inorg in the tissues and organs of fish were related to their preferred prey. The bioaccumulation of CH₃Hg+ in the tissues and organs of predatory fish at the highest trophic levels was greater than in the liver and digestive tract of fish species at lower trophic levels, in which Hg_inorg predominated. The high concentrations of CH₃Hg⁺ in eel and cod and the low levels in herring and sprat were linked with their food and the transfer of this element among species. The results suggested that the type of food, feeding habits, and trophic position were important parameters that influenced the transfer and biomagnification of mercury in fish.

Dietary propionic acid enhances antibacterial and immunomodulatory effects of oxytetracycline on Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus

Abstract

This study was carried out to evaluate the potential antibacterial and immunomodulatory effects of the dietary acidifier propionic acid (PA) when given alone or in combination with oxytetracycline (OTC) on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Apparently healthy O. niloticus (n = 240; 52 ± 3.75 g) were randomly allocated into four equal groups (n = 60/group): control group fed a basal diet alone and the other three groups fed basal diets supplemented with either PA (200 mg /kg of diet, PA group) or OTC (500 mg/kg of diet, OTC group) alone or in combination (PA + OTC group). Each group was subdivided into two subgroups (n = 30/subgroup, each subgroup had triplicate of 10 fish); subgroup (A) was used to evaluate the antibacterial effects with the aforementioned 2 weeks feeding regime, and subgroup (B) was used to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects against Aeromonas hydrophila infection with similar 2 weeks feeding regime. Among the four groups, PA + OTC group showed the highest significant (p < 0.0001) antibacterial activity as indicated by widest inhibition zones against A. hydrophila and lowest total gastrointestinal bacterial counts. Additionally, this group had the best immunomodulatory effect as noticed by a significant (p < 0.05) increase in total serum protein, globulin, IgM, phagocytic activity and index, lysosome activity, and significant (p < 0.05) upregulation in the expression levels of immunity-related genes (MHC I, MHC IIA, MHC IIB, Tlr7, IgM heavy chain, TNFα, and IL1β) in head-kidney. Notably, the combined dietary PA and OTC improved the hematological parameters and reduced the oxidative damage of hepatopancreas and head-kidney induced by OTC. This data suggests dietary PA as potential adjuvant to OTC in O. niloticus diets to get maximal antibacterial and immunomodulatory effects.

The scratch collapse test: a systematic review

The diagnosis of nerve compression relies on collecting diagnostic clues from the history, physical exam, imaging, and diagnostic testing. There are several provocative tests to aide in the diagnosis of nerve compression. The 'Scratch Collapse Test' (SCT) has emerged as a new provocative test to assist in the localization of peripheral nerve compression. This study aims to perform a systematic review of the literature to assess the data on the reliability of the SCT as a diagnostic test for entrapment neuropathy.

Use of disposable blade for harvesting epidermal skin graft

Late growth of infantile hemangiomas in children >3 years of age: A retrospective study

The proliferative phase of infantile hemangiomas (IHs) is usually complete by 9 months of life. Late growth beyond age 3 years is rarely reported.

Complication of Ruptured Poly Implant Prothèse ® Breast Implants Combined with AQUAfilling ® Gel Injection: A Case Report and Literature Review

Abstract

Introduction

We describe the first case of a patient who received AQUAfilling^® gel (Biomedica, Prague, Czech Republic) after augmentation with Poly Implant Prothèse^® (PIP) breast implants and later developed breast deformity with bilateral implant rupture.

Case Report

A 49-year-old Korean female patient who received breast augmentation with PIP implants 18 years ago and subsequent insertion of AQUAfilling^® gel 1 year ago visited our center with a chief complaint of pain and decreased implant sizes in both breasts. Breast implant and foreign body removal operation was performed for both breasts under general anesthesia. Intraoperative gross findings, pathologic findings, and tissue culture results were analyzed.

Results

Our diagnosis included rupture of the implants in both breasts with leakage of injected material resulting in inflammation of the pericapsular area and pectoralis muscle. The intraoperative gross findings and results of the pathologic report showed that the implants were exposed with massive leakage of AQUAfilling^® gel in the pericapsular space, and the pectoralis major was mixed with AQUAfilling^® gel-like liquid and tissue with an inflammatory reaction.

Conclusions

Surgeons should be careful in performing AQUAfilling^® gel injection for breast augmentation, especially when combined with breast implant insertion. AQUAfilling^® gel itself is not yet proven safe in the long term, so more research on this topic is warranted. Additionally, surgeons should be aware of the comparatively high risk of implant rupture and foreign body reaction with PIP implants, and warn patients accordingly.

Level of Evidence V

This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

Oral Isotretinoin in the Treatment of Postoperative Edema in Thick-Skinned Rhinoplasty: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

Abstract

Background

The thick-skinned nose is still one of the most challenging aspects of rhinoplasty. The possible effects of oral isotretinoin on cosmetic results of rhinoplasty in patients with thick nasal skin have been considered during recent years.

Methods

In this double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial, 48 cases were divided into two groups randomly. Oral isotretinoin (0.5-mg/kg) was started on the 31st day after surgery and given every other day for 1 month and after that daily for two additional months in the first group. The second group received a placebo in the same form, sequence and interval as the first group. The cosmetic results based on patient satisfaction and ranking by an expert surgeon were compared between the two groups at 3 months, 6 months and 1 year after surgery.

Results

Patient satisfaction and ranking by an expert surgeon in the isotretinoin group at 3 months and 6 months after surgery were significantly better than in the placebo group (p value < 0.05); however, at 12 months after surgery there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (p value > 0.05).

Conclusion

Though postoperative use of oral isotretinoin in patients with thick nasal skin accelerates improvement in cosmetic results during the early months after surgery, it does not significantly affect the final cosmetic result 1 year after surgery.

Level of Evidence II

The Ideals of Facial Beauty Among Chinese Aesthetic Practitioners: Results from a Large National Survey

Abstract

As the demand for cosmetic procedures increases, the importance of patient-centred care in this field becomes more prominent. The aesthetic practitioners' ideals of beauty, in addition to their knowledge and perception of patients' ideals of beauty and expectations, are important during doctor–patient communication. These are important in strengthening practices of patient-centred communication and treatment. This study was conducted to investigate ideals of facial beauty among Chinese aesthetic practitioners. A questionnaire with simple sketches of facial features was given to aesthetic practitioners in Chinese cosmetology hospitals and clinics to assess aesthetic practitioners' ideals of beauty and their preferences for facial shapes, facial profile, nose and lip shape, jaw angle, and chin shape. A total of 596 surveys were completed. This survey revealed that Chinese aesthetic practitioners preferred a heart/inverted triangular facial shape with a reduced lower face height, a straight and small nose, as well as lips that are full medially and taper off laterally with well-defined borders and Cupid's bow. An obtuse jaw angle for women and a square well-defined jaw angle for men, and a round and pointy chin for both women and men were the most preferred. A majority (66.7%) of the respondents said they would have plastic surgery. However, if given the choice 82.9% indicated they would opt for non-surgical procedures. Finally, a clear majority (90.5%) believed that being beautiful would improve their daily life. The results were then compared to a similar previous study in which the same ideals of beauty were investigated among Chinese laypersons. This information will help the aesthetic professionals to understand their patient's requests and expectations better and therefore aid in offering and providing treatments that are in line.

Level of Evidence V

Lipid organization in xerosis: The key of the problem?

International Journal of Cosmetic Science, Volume 0, Issue ja, -Not available-.

Madhuca longifolia plant mediated green synthesis of cupric oxide nanoparticles: A promising environmentally sustainable material for waste water treatment and efficient antibacterial agent

Publication date: Available online 3 October 2018

Source: Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology

Author(s): Piu Das, Sanjukta Ghosh, Raktim Ghosh, Somasri Dam, Moni Baskey

Abstract

In current years, the development of efficient green methods for synthesis of metal oxide nanomaterials has attracted a great attention to the researchers since the plant-mediated synthesis is a cost-effective and a good alternative to chemical and physical methods. An efficient and eco-friendly route has been developed for the green synthesis of CuO nanoparticles (NPs) by Madhuca longifolia plant extract which acts as a non-toxic reducing agent. X-ray diffraction studies reveal the good crystallinity of the synthesized NPs and FTIR spectra confirm the synthesis of these NPs. UV–visible absorption spectra showed that the NPs have been reached at different nano scale level depending on their synthesis procedures. TEM images indicate that as-synthesized CuO NPs are spherical in shape with their different size ranges and they show different band gap values which is confirmed by Tauc's formula. The NPs exhibit good photoluminescence property depending on their particle size and they also show excellent photocatalytic activity towards the degradation of methylene blue (MB) in presence of visible light irradiation which will be a promising material for waste water treatment. The synthesized CuO NPs show good antibacterial activity against bacterial strains namely E. coli BL21 DE3 Gram-negative, S. aureus Gram-positive and B.subtilis Gram-positive and the results have been compared against Ampicillin and Tetracyclin.

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Adsorption and photodynamic efficiency of meso-tetrakis(p-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin on the surface of bilayer lipid membranes

Publication date: Available online 3 October 2018

Source: Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology

Author(s): A.N. Konstantinova, V.S. Sokolov, I. Jiménez-Munguía, O.A. Finogenova, Yu.A. Ermakov, Yu.G. Gorbunova

Abstract

The adsorption and photodynamic efficiency of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(p-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (H₂TPPS₄) on bilayer lipid membranes (BLM) have been studied. The adsorption of H₂TPPS₄ on BLM leads to rising of the potential drop on the membrane/water interface which has been detected either by the intramembrane field compensation (IFC) method, or as ζ-potential of liposomes measured by the dynamic light scattering method. The dependence of this potential on the concentration of H₂TPPS₄ and KCl in the solution can be described in the frame of Gouy-Chapman model of diffuse double layer assuming that the molecules of H₂TPPS₄ adsorb on the surface of BLM as an anions with four charged groups. The potential disappeared when the pH of solution decreased from 6 to 3 allowing the conclusion that the protonated forms of H₂TPPS₄ can not adsorb on the BLM probably due to change of conformation or aggregation of the molecules. The photodynamic efficiency of H₂TPPS₄ was evaluated by measuring the rate of damage of the targets - molecules of styryl dye (di-4-ANEPPS) by singlet oxygen generated under illumination on the surface of BLM. This rate was proportional to the surface density of H₂TPPS₄ molecules on the membrane which was determined from the change of surface charge of the membrane due to adsorption of the H₂TPPS₄. These results indicate that the di-4-ANEPPS molecules are damaged by singlet oxygen generated by monomers of H₂TPPS₄ molecules adsorbed on the membrane. The rate of oxidation of di-4-ANEPPS molecules adsorbed on the same (cis) side of the membrane together with the H₂TPPS₄ molecules was either the same or higher than that when di-4-ANEPPS molecules were adsorbed on opposite (trans) side. It indicates that the quenching of singlet oxygen by the di-4-ANEPPS molecules at cis side of the membrane was negligible, in contrast to our earlier study when singlet oxygen was generated by aluminum(III) phthalocyanines with one or two peripheral sulfo groups. The difference between these phthalocyanines and H₂TPPS₄ was explained by their different adsorption depth in the membrane.

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Low-level laser therapy modulates demyelination in mice

Publication date: Available online 3 October 2018

Source: Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology

Author(s): Katherine Chuere Nunes Duarte, Thaís Torres Soares, Angela Maria Paiva Magri, Lívia Assis Garcia, Luciana Le Sueur Maluf, Ana Cláudia Muniz Renno, Gláucia Monteiro de Castro

Abstract

There are no effective therapies for remyelination. Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been found advantageous in neurogenesis promotion, cell death prevention, and modulation of inflammation in central and peripheral nervous system models. The purpose of this study was to analyse LLLT effects on cuprizone-induced demyelination. Mice were randomly distributed into three groups: Control Laser (CTL), Cuprizone (CPZ), and Cuprizone Laser (CPZL). Mice from CPZ and CPZL groups were exposed to a 0.2% cuprizone oral diet for four complete weeks. Six sessions of transcranial laser irradiation were applied on three consecutive days, during the third and fourth weeks, with parameters of 36 J/cm², 50 mW, 0.028 cm² spot area, continuous wave, 1 J, 20 s, 1.78 W/cm² in a single point equidistant between the eyes and ears of CTL and CPZL mice. Motor coordination was assessed by the rotarod test. Twenty-four hours after the last laser session, all animals were euthanized, and brains were extracted. Serum was obtained for lactate dehydrogenase toxicity testing. Histomorphological analyses consisted of Luxol Fast Blue staining and immunohistochemistry. The results showed that laser-treated animals presented motor performance improvement, attenuation of demyelination, increased number of oligodendrocyte precursor cells, modulated microglial and astrocytes activation, and a milder toxicity by cuprizone. Although further studies are required, it is suggested that LLLT represents a feasible therapy for demyelinating diseases.

Rheumatoid pulmonary nodules: clinical and imaging features compared with malignancy

Abstract

Objectives

The objective of this study was to identify clinical and imaging features that distinguish rheumatoid lung nodules from malignancy.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective review of 73 rheumatoid patients with histologically-proven rheumatoid and malignant lung nodules encountered at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (2001–2016). Medical records and imaging were reviewed including a retrospective blinded review of CT and PET/CT studies.

Results

The study cohort had a mean age of 67 ± 11 years (range 45–86) including 44 (60%) women, 82% with a smoking history, 38% with subcutaneous rheumatoid nodules, and 78% with rheumatoid factor seropositivity. Subjects with rheumatoid lung nodules compared to malignancy were younger (59 ± 12 vs 71 ± 9 years, p < 0.001), more likely to manifest subcutaneous rheumatoid nodules (73% vs 20%, p < 0.001) and rheumatoid factor seropositivity (93% vs 68%, p = 0.034) but a history of smoking was common in both groups (p = 0.36). CT features more commonly associated with rheumatoid lung nodules compared to malignancy included multiplicity, smooth border, cavitation, satellite nodules, pleural contact, and a subpleural rind of soft tissue. Optimal sensitivity (77%) and specificity (92%) (AUC 0.85, CI 0.75–0.94) for rheumatoid lung nodule were obtained with ≥ 3 CT findings (≥ 4 nodules, peripheral location, cavitation, satellite nodules, smooth border, and subpleural rind). Key ¹⁸FDG-PET/CT features included low-level metabolism (SUV_max 2.7 ± 2 vs 7.2 ± 4.8, p = 0.007) and lack of ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-avid draining lymph nodes.

Conclusion

Rheumatoid lung nodules have distinct CT and PET/CT features compared to malignancy. Patients with rheumatoid lung nodules are younger and more likely to manifest subcutaneous rheumatoid nodules and seropositivity.

Key Points

• Rheumatoid lung nodules have distinct clinical and imaging features compared to lung malignancy.

• CT features of rheumatoid lung nodules include multiplicity, cavitation, satellite nodules, smooth border, peripheral location, and subpleural rind.

• Key PET/CT features include low-level metabolism and lack of FDG-avid draining lymph nodes.

The Screening and Identification of the Biological Control Fungi Chaetomium spp. against Wheat Common Root Rot

Abstract

Bipolaris sorokiniana is a soil-borne fungal pathogen, causing common root rot in wheat, and is difficult to control through chemical and agricultural means. Chaetomium spp. have been documented as potential biological control agents for plant diseases. In this study, seven Chaetomium strains were screened for their abilities to control Bipolaris sorokiniana on agar plates. Strain 22–10 significantly inhibited the growth of B. sorokiniana on PDA plates up to 66.7%. Its filtrate of liquid culture also inhibited the mycelial growth of B. sorokiniana, indicated that strain 22–10 produced the secondary metabolites against B. sorokiniana. The severity and disease indexes of common root rot significantly decreased in wheat after treatment with the crude extract of strain 22–10. Six active compounds were purified from crude extract of this fungus culture based on active-driven strategy against B. sorokiniana. Chaetoviridin A showed the highest efficiency to inhibit the growth of B. sorokiniana. Strain 22–10 was identified as C. globosum based on the phylogenetic analysis of rDNA ITS region and microscopic characteristics. The high control efficiency of strain 22–10 of C. globosum against B. sorokiniana suggested has its potential to be biocontrol agent for B. sorokiniana.

Can I Still Eat it? Using Problem-Based Learning to Test the 5 Second Rule and Promote Scientific Literacy

Abstract

Defining appropriate student learning outcomes for general education science courses is a daunting task. We must ask ourselves how to best prepare our students to understand the role of science in their lives and in society at large. In the era of social media and armchair experts, life-changing scientific advancements such as vaccination are being dismissed or actively resisted, emphasizing the critical need to teach science literacy skills. One active classroom method known as problem-based learning promotes self-motivated learning and synthesis skills that, when applied in a science-literacy context, can provide students with the ability to generate informed opinions on new scientific advances throughout their lifetime. This piece describes one such problem-based course, designed to tackle the scientific basis (or lack thereof) of the five second rule for eating food dropped on the floor. In this course, first year students experimentally engage this issue, while also applying their developing skill set to sort out scientific controversies such as vaccine safety and genetically modified foods.

Cervical Angle in the Submental Muscular Medialization and Suspension Procedure

This cohort study compares the change in position of the cervical point between groups undergoing the submental muscular medialization and suspension procedure vs those undergoing the traditional rhytidectomy technique.

Validation of the Persian Language Version of SCHNOS

This study describes the validation process for the Persian language version of a tool for assessing the functional and cosmesis outcomes of rhinoplasty.

Ballistic Injury Imaging: The Basics

Abstract

Purpose

As of 2007, there were estimated to be at least 750 million firearms in worldwide circulation, of which 650 million of them were owned by civilians (Weiss et al. in Severe lead toxicity attributed to bullet fragments retained in soft tissue. BMJ Case Reports, 2017). Of these, approximately 270 million are in the United States, equating to 84 guns per 100 Americans [based on 2016 population statistics (assuming the number of firearms remained stable over the intervening 9 years)] and resulting in 84 997 nonfatal injuries and 36 252 fatalities in the United States in 2015. With statistics like these, it stands to reason that victims of gunshot wounds (GSW) will be imaged by most radiologists at least once in their careers. This article seeks to increase radiologists' knowledge of the pathophysiology of GSW and will review the mechanism of ballistic injury and relate these to commonly encountered imaging findings.

Important Points

Ballistic injuries are a combination of the direct injury caused by the bullet along its path through the tissues and the shockwave created around that path as the bullet expends its energy. CT is the gold standard in ballistic injury assessment. MRI is not contraindicated in patients with retained ballistic fragments, but should be used with caution. The number of entry/exit wound and the number of retained ballistic fragments should be an even number, or there is a missing surface wound or a missing bullet. Retained lead in joints can result in plumbism and arthropathy.

Summary

As most radiologists will encounter a ballistic injury in the course of their careers, an understanding of this unique mechanism of injury and its complications will aid in both imaging interpretation and patient care.

Imaging of the Gallbladder with Multi-energy CT

Abstract

Purpose of Review

The goal of this review article is to provide an overview of applications of multi-energy CT as they pertain to gallbladder imaging. We discuss benefits and shortcomings of MECT of various gallbladder pathology, with an emphasis on the imaging of gallstones and cholecystitis. It also touches on promising areas that warrant further investigation.

Recent Findings

MECT has demonstrated improved sensitivity for cholelithiasis compared to conventional single-energy CT, with added value of MECT reconstructions, particularly virtual monoenergetic reconstructions, to detect isoattenuating gallstones. MECT iodine maps and virtual monoenergetic images potentially add value in evaluating other gallbladder pathologies, including detecting complications of acute cholecystitis, characterization of xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis and adenomyomatosis, and identifying and evaluating the extent of gallbladder carcinoma.

Summary

MECT is emerging as a useful exam to evaluate the gallbladder, particularly in the setting of acute abdominal pain, and has the potential to eliminate the need for other imaging exams such as ultrasound.

Reviewers’ list December 2018

Publication date: Available online 4 October 2018

Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology

Author(s):

Newly diagnosed and relapsed epithelial ovarian carcinoma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up

Ann Oncol 2013; 24: vi24–vi32 (doi:10.1093/annonc/mdt333)

Appendix 2: Medullary Thyroid Cancer: eUpdate published online 19 February 2018 (https://ift.tt/2QofFrA)

Chronic myeloid leukaemia: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up

Ann Oncol 2017; 28: iv41–iv51 (doi:10.1093/annonc/mdx219)

Hepatocellular carcinoma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up†

Soft tissue and visceral sarcomas: ESMO–EURACAN Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up

Ann Oncol 2018; 29: iv51–iv67 (doi:10.1093/annonc/mdy096)

Bone sarcomas: ESMO–PaedCan–EURACAN Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up†

Waldenström’s macroglobulinaemia: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up

Ann Oncol 2018; 29: iv41–iv50 (doi:10.1093/annonc/mdy146)

Metastatic non-small cell lung cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up†

Management of anaemia and iron deficiency in patients with cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines

Ann Oncol 2018; 29: iv96–iv110 (doi:10.1093/annonc/mdx758)

Appendix 1: Cancer of the Prostate: eUpdate published online 28 September 2017 (https://ift.tt/2zRqdu1)

Acknowledgements

The ESMO Guidelines Committee acknowledges and thanks the following people who have acted as reviewers for these ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines:

ESMO Guidelines Committee Disclosures

The members of the Guidelines Committee have made the following disclosures:

ESMO Guidelines Committee

Chair

Gastrointestinal stromal tumours: ESMO–EURACAN Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up

Ann Oncol 2018; 29: iv68–iv78 (doi:10.1093/annonc/mdy095)

Sublingual Swelling due to Sublingual Immunotherapy

Publication date: Available online 3 October 2018

Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice

Author(s): Junya Okumura, Naozumi Hashimoto, Yoshinori Hasegawa

Polyethylene Glycol: Not Just a Harmless Excipient

Publication date: Available online 3 October 2018

Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice

Author(s): Lucinda Kennard, Krzysztof Rutkowski, Rita Mirakian, Annette Wagner

Summer fallow increases loss of residual nitrogen fertilizer in dryland of the Loess Plateau: a 15 N-labeled method

Abstract

Summer fallow is very common in dryland agriculture to conserve rainwater and replenish soil fertility. However, bare land and intensive rainfall during summer fallow might result in a potential risk of N loss. We used a ¹⁵N-labelling method to study the loss of residual N fertilizer during summer fallow and its use by next wheat in the Loess Plateau. Our study included three treatments: without the addition of N (N₀W₀), with the addition of 50 kg ha⁻¹ N (NW₀) and with the addition of 50 kg ha⁻¹ N plus 35% more water (NW). The N fertilizer (K¹⁵NO₃) in solution was injected into the soil at a depth of 35 cm of the polyvinyl chloride (PVC) columns in field. The fates of ¹⁵N were followed after summer fallow and in the next season's wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The summer fallow of this study was a dry summer; however, fertilizer ¹⁵N was still leached down to 40-cm depth for the NW₀ treatment; and for the NW treatment, the peak of ¹⁵N fertilizer was approximately 20 cm deeper. After summer fallow, the loss of the initially applied ¹⁵N was 26% in the soil profile for the NW₀ treatment; and for the NW treatment, it increased to 37%. Soil ¹⁵N abundance in 0–20 cm of the NW₀ and NW treatments was higher than the N₀W₀ treatment, indicating the upward movement of ¹⁵N in summer fallow. After the next wheat harvest, ¹⁵N uptake by wheat in the NW treatment decreased from 21.0 to 18.6% compared to the NW₀ treatment. High rainfall during summer fallow increased residual N loss during summer fallow but decreased its use by the next crop.

Effective reduction of metronidazole over the cryptomelane-type manganese oxide octahedral molecular sieve (K-OMS-2) catalyst: facile synthesis, experimental design and modeling, statistical analysis, and identification of by-products

Abstract

High concentrations of antibiotic compounds within pharmaceutical wastewater have hazardous impacts toward environment and human health. Therefore, there is an immediate requirement of efficient treatment method for removal of antibiotics from aquatic environment. In the present study, the cryptomelane catalyst-type manganese oxide octahedral molecular sieve (K-OMS-2) was synthesized in the presence of benzyl alcohol as a reducing agent and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as a structure-directing agent and then utilized to reduce the metronidazole. The central composite design method was the experimental design adopted. The FESEM analysis revealed that the K-OMS-2 surface contained many uniformly cylindrical aggregates less than about 40 nm in diameter and about 80–100 nm in length. Besides, a high specific surface area of 129 m²/g and average pore size of 45.47 nm were recorded. According to the TGA/DTA analysis, the prepared catalyst revealed high thermal stability. The maximum metronidazole degradation (95.36%) was evident at conditions of pH = 3, catalyst mass = 0.97 g/L, contact time = 200 min, and metronidazole concentration = 20 mg/L. Metronidazole did not form a complex with nitrate, fluoride, sulfate, or hardness. These ions exerted a negligible effect on metronidazole reduction using the K-OMS-2 catalyst, except for hardness, which reduced the removal efficiency of metronidazole by 17%. The FTIR and LC-MS revealed a complex mechanism involved in the metronidazole degradation by the K-OMS-2 involving the formation of an amino group, a hydroxyelated compound via N-denitration, and hydrogenation process on the K-OMS-2 catalyst surface.

Inhibition of isoprenylation synergizes with MAPK blockade to prevent growth in treatment‐resistant melanoma, colorectal, and lung cancer

Pigment Cell &Melanoma Research, Volume 0, Issue ja, -Not available-.

Early plant growth and bacterial community in rhizoplane of wheat and flax exposed to silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles

Abstract

Silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (AgNPs and TiO₂NPs) are highly useful, but they are also a significant reason for concern as they exert toxicity. The goal of research was to assess the role of three kinds of NPs in concentrations of 100 mg L⁻¹ on early growth plants (wheat, flax) and bacterial community in rhizoplane. Titanium (IV) oxide anatase (TiO₂NPs1) and titanium (IV) oxide nanopowder (TiO₂NPs2) are commercial products. A suspension of AgNPs was prepared via a procedure of reduction with tannic acid. The response of Monocot and Dicot growth form plants to the tested NPs was different. Germination and seedling growth of wheat treated with TiO₂NPs1 was better. The response of flax to NPs was noted as an increase of chlorophyll content. The bacterial community in wheat rhizoplane was not significantly modified, but there was a declining trend. In turn, a difference in the surface charge of NPs had an influence on the total bacterial community in Dicot rhizoplane. Positively charged TiO₂NPs2 significantly decreased the quantity of total bacteria in contrast to negatively charged AgNPs and TiO₂NPs1 which increased it. A qualitative analysis did not confirm the influence of the surface charge of NPs on an increase/decrease in the quantity of Pseudomonas and Bacillus bacteria, but did show that there was no toxicity of the tested NPs to the plant growth-promoting bacteria community. The rhizoplane microbiome was dependent on the species of plant, and the bacteria found in the communities are sensitive to NPs to a varying degree.

Particulate matter air pollution and respiratory impact on humans and animals

Abstract

Air pollution is now fully acknowledged to be a public health problem and a social issue. Particulate matter (PM) concentration has been linked with several clinical manifestations of pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases and is associated with morbidity and mortality induced by respiratory diseases both in human and animals. Current research on airborne particle-induced health effects investigates the critical characteristics of particulate matter that determine their biological effects. Scientific evidence assessed that the size of the airborne particles and their surface area determine the potential to elicit inflammatory injury, oxidative damage, and other biological effects. Thus, the present review paper aims to summarize the current evidences and findings on the effect of air pollution on lung function in both humans and animals.