Postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) are one of the most important cause of perioperative morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing noncardiothoracic surgery, leading to increased hospital length of stay and mortality rate. The principal purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the perioperative lung protection strategies in patients undergoing elective noncardiothoracic surgery, informing clinicians on evidence-based perioperative care pathways. We also conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials in noncardiothoracic surgery focusing on the following aspects: preoperative physiotherapy, intraoperative protective mechanical ventilation, postoperative prophylactic continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC), and postoperative physiotherapy. Both preoperative physiotherapy (relative risk [RR], 0.49, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.35-0.69, P
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