Raynaud's Phenomenon: current concepts of skin and systemic manifestations

Publication date: Available online 10 April 2018
Source:Clinics in Dermatology
Author(s): Thomas Stringer, Alisa N. Femia
Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) is a transient, acral, vasospastic phenomenon that manifests with characteristic color changes. This vasospasm, classically triggered by cold temperatures, may also be driven by shifts in temperature, climate, or emotional state. Primary RP (PRP) is a common condition without severe sequelae. Secondary RP (SRP), which may be driven by vascular, autoimmune, hematologic, or endocrine etiologies, can result in digital ulceration, irreversible ischemia and necrosis, and secondary infection. This review delineates the clinical manifestations of both primary and secondary RP as well as current understanding of RP epidemiology and pathogenesis. Proper examination, including nailfold capillary microscopy, and laboratory workup for secondary causes of RP are also discussed. The traditional armamentarium of therapies used for RP as well as newer medical and surgical options are also summarized with particular regard to the clinical evidence for their efficacy.