Lymphaticovenular anastomosis for breast cancer treatment-related lymphedema: three-line strategy for an optimal outcome

The approach to lymphaticovenular anastomosis (LVA) for breast cancer treatment-related lymphedema should differ from that performed for secondary lower extremity lymphedema (LEL) because upper extremity lymphedema (UEL) and LEL differ in terms of the areas affected, imaging features, and postoperative improvements.