Traditional Chinese Medicine

The effect of hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-target gland axes in a kidney-yang deficiency syndrome model Agra Darmawati Ayu, Wen Pan, Zou-Qin Huang, Ling Zhao World Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2020 6(4):363-369 Kidney-yang deficiency syndrome (KYDS) is a diagnostic pattern in the traditional Chinese medicine. Studies have shown that KYDS is related to the functional disorder of hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-target gland axes. The standard procedure used to mimic KYDS is the injection of a high dose of exogenous glucocorticoid (hydrocortisone and corticosterone). Such a model showed symptoms such as exhaustion, body twists, cold limbs, lying crowded together, decreased rectal temperature, sexual dysfunction, decreased reaction speed, reduced spontaneous activity, hair loss, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Moreover, the model manifested an imbalance in mutual control among the hormones of the pituitary-target gland axes, including adrenocorticotrophic hormone, CORT, CRH, thyroid-stimulating hormone, triiodothyronine, thyroxine, T, E2, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and 17-OHCS.

Chinese herbal medicine for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome-associated diarrhea: A protocol for the systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials Bai-Lin Chen, Ming-Zhu Zhang, Zi-Wei Huang, Hong-Rui Zhang, Chang Xu, Jing Li, Zhen-Wei Liu, Feng Jiang, Xun Li, Nicola Robinson, Jian-Ping Liu World Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2020 6(4):370-376 Diarrhea can occur at an early or advanced stage of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) as a usual symptom in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. While it is usually not fatal, it can influence patients' quality of life seriously. It has shown to be efficacious and improves people's immune status to a certain extent to treat HIV/AIDS-related diarrhea on the basis of syndrome differentiation and treatment or Chinese herbs plus conventional treatment. Therefore, it may have a good application potential. Here, we outline a protocol for the systematic review of this health-care intervention, with the aim to evaluate the beneficial effects and safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for patients who suffer from HIV/AIDS-associated diarrhea. Randomized controlled trials that compare Chinese herbs with placebo or other effective treatments will be searched and included, in spite of publication status or language. The primary outcomes include diarrhea frequency and fecal character. The databases we will search as follows: China Science and Technology Journal Database (VIP), Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (SinoMed), Wanfang Data, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, PubMed and the CENTRAL in Cochrane Library. Two authors will respectively conduct the screening of trials, data extraction, and use the Cochrane risk of bias tool to assess the methodological quality. We will analyze the data and perform a meta-analysis if possible. We intend to identify potential therapeutic modalities that may be of benefit to inform clinical practice by supplying existing evidence of the helpful effects and safety of TCM to treat patients suffering from HIV/AIDS-associated diarrhea.

Exosome is an important novel way of acupuncture information transmission Ning-Cen Li, Ming-Yue Li, Zhong-Xi Lu, Mu-Yang Li, Xue-Mao Zhuo, Yong Chen, Ting-Ting Wang, Li-Ying Xing, Mei-Juan Wang, Kai Shan, Ze-Lin Chen, Calista Hui-Min Lim, Bo Chen, Yi Guo World Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2020 6(4):377-383 As a physical stimulation of the body surface, the process of transmitting acupuncture information from acupoints to target organs through meridians and collaterals is complex, and network regulation is the most basic mode of acupuncture. Exosomes are membrane vesicles formed by various types of cells and secreted to the extracellular matrix through a series of regulation. We speculate that exosomes and their carriers, as important carriers of communication among neurons, endocrine cells, and immune cells, may play an important role in the process of acupuncture information transmission. Exosome in the acupoint area is an important interactive form of transformation from physical information to chemical information. Circulating exosome is an important means of delivery for acupuncture to play an important role in the network regulation. The structure and information molecules of exosomes are the important material bases for acupuncture effect. Through experimental research, it was found that acupuncture can regulate the release of exosome and may have a certain relationship with acupuncture effect. Therefore, exosome may play an important role in the process of acupuncture information transmission, which is an important new way of acupuncture information transmission.

Neuroendocrine-immune regulating mechanisms for the anti-inflammatory and analgesic actions of acupuncture Zhi-Fang Xu, Shou-Hai Hong, Shen-Jun Wang, Xue Zhao, Yang-Yang Liu, Sha-Sha Ding, Yuan Xu, Kuo Zhang, Nan-Nan Yu, Zhong-Xi Lu, Fu-Ming Yang, Yi-Nan Gong, Qin-Qin He, Kun Yu, Yi-Ping Zhang, Bao-Min Dou, Lin Yao, Ya-Wen Yan, Tao Yang, Yan-Fang Zhang, Bao-Hu Liu, Yong-Ming Guo, Hsuah-Nee-Connie Wong, Yi Guo World Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2020 6(4):384-392 Pain and inflammatory diseases are important clinical indications of acupuncture, which have been widely accepted in the international community. Previous studies have been focusing on rapid analgesia of acupuncture through the regulation of nervous system, but few studies on the inflammation regulatory mechanisms in which acupuncture inhibits the peripheral sensitization-induced pain. Based on studies concerning acupoint mechanisms of acupuncture actions and related researches on acupuncture regulating neuroendocrine and immune systems, we put forward the scientific hypothesis that acupuncture regulates neuroendocrine-immune (NEI) network and key response media therein, so as to achieve anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in target organs. We have established a platform for acupuncture at ST36 to alleviate inflammatory pain in adjuvant induced arthritic rats. Based on the complex network analysis of multi-dimensional data from multi-time point and multi-site detection of NEI common signaling molecules, we have clarified the regulatory effects of acupuncture on NEI network and corresponding downstream immune network. Results indicated that monocytes/macrophages are the key targeting cells of acupuncture regulation, and acupuncture may display the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects by regulating polarization of T cells in lymph nodes and polarization of M1/M2 macrophages in inflamed joints/paws. In addition, we have spotted a key molecule for acupuncture analgesia, CXCL1, as well as clarified the novel central analgesic mechanism of acupuncture mediated by CXCL1/CXCR2 desensitization. Thereby, we have provided novel evidence of the anti-inflammatory and analgesic actions of acupuncture through regulating NEI network and several key substances, highlighting a systemic research paradigm for investigating mechanisms of acupuncture actions.

Medicinal plant of Bletilla striata: A review of its chemical constituents, pharmacological activities, and quality control Sai Jiang, Meng-Yun Wang, Han-Wen Yuan, Qian Xie, Yang Liu, Bo-Shu Li, Yu-Qing Jian, Chang-Xiao Liu, Hua-Yong Lou, Atta-Ur-Rahman , Wei-Dong Pan, Wei Wang World Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2020 6(4):393-407 Bletilla striata belongs to the family Orchidaceae, and it is mainly distributed in East Asia. The tubers of B. striata have been utilized in Traditional Chinese Medicine for various ailments, such as hematemesis, tuberculosis, malignant ulcers, hemorrhoids, traumatic bleeding, and chapped skin. Phytochemical investigation on B. striata has resulted in the identification of 192 monomeric compounds, including bibenzyls, phenanthrene derivatives, triterpenoids and its saponins, steroids and its saponins, malic acid derivatives, and anthocyanins. Moreover, B. striata polysaccharide is another typical chemical constituent of this plant. Pharmacology studies have shown that the plant possesses wound healing, antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidative, and antiviral activities. This review aims to provide the latest and comprehensive information on chemical constituents, pharmacological activities, and quality control of B. striata and to identify future research needs.

The fruits of Xanthium sibiricum Patr: A review on phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, and toxicity Hai Jiang, Xue-jiao Wang, Liu Yang, Jia-Xu Zhang, A-Jiao Hou, Wen-Jing Man, Song Wang, Bing-You Yang, Kelvin Chan, Qiu-Hong Wang, Hai-Xue Kuang World Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2020 6(4):408-422 In recent years, drug development and research have gradually shifted from chemical synthesis to biopharmaceutical and natural drugs. Natural medicines, such as traditional Chinese medicine, have been among the first studied because of their long medicinal history, simplicity, and the relatively low cost of research. Among them, Xanthii Fructus (XF) is famous for the treatment of sinusitis. In this article, the achievements of research on XF from 1953 to 2020 are systematically reviewed, focusing on the aspects of chemical constituents, pharmacological effects, clinical applications, toxicity and side effects, and processing methods. To date, there have been significant advances in both the phytochemistry and pharmacology of XF. Some traditional uses have been validated and clarified in modern pharmacological studies. However, its mechanism of action in the treatment of allergic diseases has not been satisfactorily explained. Further in vitro and in vivo studies are required to rationally develop new drugs and to elucidate the therapeutic potential of XF. A comprehensive evaluation of XF and an understanding of network pharmacology are also needed.

Research progress on processing and processing methods in Salvia miltiorrhiza production areas Qin-Rong Liu, Li-Na Zhao, Yi-Shuo Wang, Yong-Guang Han, Zhen-Ling Zhang, Yu-Quan Wu World Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2020 6(4):423-431 Salvia miltiorrhiza is one of the 40 most commonly used traditional Chinese medicinal materials in clinics. It is effective in activating blood circulation, removing blood stasis, relieving pain through the meridian, clearing the heart and removing irritations, and cooling blood and eliminating blemishes. Each main production area has developed a unique production method and processing technology, in accordance with local conditions. The processed products included in Chinese Pharmacopoeia are purified and wine-fried S. miltiorrhiza. In addition, the Chinese province's standards include the vinegar-fried and wine-fried types. S. miltiorrhiza is produced in more areas and is more extensively processed, with large variations in specifications. The challenge in establishing a uniform quality standard affects the clinical application of decoction pieces. This review has explored the books of the past dynasties, summarized the relevant literature published in the past three decades, discussed the processing methods of S. miltiorrhiza, and provided a basis for further research on the processing method of the original sample. In particular, we integrate fresh cut processing as the starting point for in-depth research, discuss the processing technology specifications, and formulate quality product standards.

Ginsenoside 3β-O-Glc-DM (C3DM) enhances the antitumor activity of Taxol on Lewis lung cancer by targeting the interleukin-6/Jak2/STAT3 and interleukin-6/AKT signaling pathways Mei Tang, Lu-Lu Huang, Qian-Qian Du, Chen Yan, An-Di Gu, Jin-Ling Yang, Yan Li World Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2020 6(4):432-440 Objective: Nonsmall-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is an aggressive, highly chemoresistant disease. Taxol is an effective chemotherapeutic drug widely used for the treatment of NSCLC. However, the clinical use of Taxol is limited due to the occurrence of adverse side effects under high therapeutic doses. Therefore, it is desirable to explore combination therapy to reduce the dose of chemotherapeutic drugs and achieve excellent outcomes. A biosynthetic ginsenoside, 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-dammar-24-ene-3β, 20S-diol (3β-O-Glc-DM, C3DM) is obtained from microbial fermentation by metabolic engineering. Based on previous study findings, we aimed to explore the mechanism of combination therapy with C3DM and Taxol and its increasing antitumor effect on Lewis lung cancer (LLC) in this study. Materials and Methods: A thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was performed to evaluate cell viability; the apoptotic effect was studied using cell apoptosis assay. The Lewis tumor xenograft experiment was performed to determine the effects of C3DM combined with Taxol on tumor growth in vivo, and western blotting was performed to analyze protein expressions. Results: C3DM effectively inhibited the proliferation of NSCLC cells. Moreover, C3DM increased the antiproliferative activity of Taxol and significantly enhanced cell apoptosis induced by Taxol in Lewis lung cancer cells. C3DM alone also suppressed Lewis tumor growth and enhanced the antitumor activity of Taxol in vivo. Western blot analysis revealed that the effects of the antiproliferation and apoptosis induction of C3DM treatment alone or in combination with Taxol on Lewis lung cancer were mediated by inhibiting the interleukin-6 (IL-6)/Jak2/STAT3 and IL-6/AKT signaling pathways. Conclusions: The results showed that C3DM has the potential to be used in combination therapy with Taxol against NSCLC.

Risk factors associated with recurrence within 90 days of ischemic stroke onset in chinese medicine hospital: A national cross-sectional study in China Yang Gao, Yan-Ming Xie, Ye-Feng Cai, Xiao-Ming Shen, De-Xi Zhao, Ying-Zhen Xie, Yin Zhang, Gui-Qian Wang, Xu Wei, Rui-Li Wei World Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2020 6(4):441-447 Objective: The short- and long-term risk factors for stroke recurrence may be different. This study is aimed to determine the risk factors for recurrence within 90 days in patients with ischemic stroke in China. Method: This was cross-sectional registry-based study in Chinese medicine hospitals from eight provinces and ten cities in China between November 3, 2016 and May 28, 2018. Two thousand one hundred and twenty patients with ischemic stroke aged between 35 and 80 years. Stroke recurrence was defined as an outcome indicator. Computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging was used as a diagnostic tool for stroke recurrence. Patients' age, sex, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), education level, medical history, family history, smoking, and drinking were recorded. Routine laboratory examinations were performed. Associated factors were investigated by calculating the odds ratio (OR) using logistic regression modeling. Results: In all, 2120 patients were included in the study, 712 (33.6%) of whom were women and 1408 (66.4%) were men, with a mean age of 62.84 ± 9.35 years. Eighty-two patients experienced stroke recurrence within 90 days, and the accumulative recurrence rates of stroke were 3.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.0%–4.7%). The binary logistic analysis showed that previous history of one (OR = 8.113; 95% CI, 4.497–14.637), two (OR = 8.848; 95% CI, 4.025–9.449), or ≥3 ischemic strokes (OR = 24.599; 95% CI, 9.307–65.018), and BMI <18.5 kg/m2 (OR = 2.842; 95% CI, 1.000–8.075) were independently associated with stroke recurrence within 90 days. Conclusions: The accumulative recurrence rate of ischemic stroke was 3.9% within 90 days. Number of previous history of ischemic stroke and BMI <18.5 kg/m2 were independent risk factors for stroke recurrence. Medical history and solar terms of ischemic stroke were not found to be associated with stroke recurrence within 90 days. Effective secondary prevention for patients with a previous history of ischemic stroke is urgently needed to address this stroke recurrence burden.

Electroacupuncture alleviates neuropathic pain by modulating Th2 infiltration and inhibiting microglial activation in the spinal cord of rats with spared nerve injury Bin Liu, Wei Long, Ru-Rong Wang World Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2020 6(4):448-455 Objective: The objective is to explore the potential mechanisms mediating the analgesic effect of electroacupuncture (EA) for neuropathic pain. Materials and Methods: Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were used to establish a spared nerve injury (SNI) model of neuropathic pain. The intensity of neuropathic pain was measured by assessing the mechanical withdrawal threshold and thermal withdrawal latency. Immunofluorescent analysis and western blotting were performed to evaluate the activation of microglia and Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK2/STAT3) signaling in the L4-6 spinal cord of SD rats. The infiltration of Th2 and expression of interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the L4-6 spine were analyzed by flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Behavioral test results demonstrated that SNI-induced hyperalgesia was significantly ameliorated by EA stimulation at “Zusanli” (ST36) and “Yanglingquan” (GB34) points. In addition, EA therapy significantly suppressed microglia activation and phosphorylation of JAK2/STAT3 in the L4-6 spine of rats with SNI. Moreover, EA promoted the infiltration of Th2 and secretion of IL-10 in the L4-6 spine of rats with SNI. Conclusions: The study findings indicate that EA stimulation mediated the infiltration of Th2 in the spinal cord of rats with SNI. In addition, EA inhibited microglial activation in the L4-6 spine of rats with SNI.

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Medicine by Alexandros G. Sfakianakis,Anapafseos 5 Agios Nikolaos 72100 Crete Greece,00302841026182,00306932607174,alsfakia@gmail.com,

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