Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery

Are opioids necessary in post sinus surgery care? Purpose of review The aim of the review is to review the recent literature on the use of opioids in post sinus surgery care. Recent findings Research regarding the use of opioids in post sinus surgery over the past two years support previous thinking that there is an overprescription of opioids for an operation which is not particularly painful, resulting in the potential for narcotic abuse and misuse. Summary Large randomized controlled trials with detailed pain recording scoring systems are needed to assess the opioid requirements – if any – after sinus surgery. Correspondence to Jannis Constantinidis, MD, PhD, Department of Otolaryngology, AHEPA University Hospital, Kiriakidi 1 Str, 54621, Thessaloniki, Greece. Tel: +30 2310994761; e-mail: janconst@otenet.gr Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

How close are we to anterior robotic skull base surgery? Purpose of review The application of robotic surgery to anterior skull base disease has yet to be defined despite the potential for improved tumour resection with less morbidity in this region. Complex anatomy and restricted access have limited the development of robotic anterior skull base surgery. Recent findings A limited number of transoral robotic surgical anterior skull base procedures have been undertaken; however, there are significant limitations to the utilization of this technology in the anterior skull base. In this article, the advantages, disadvantages and limitations of robotic anterior skull base surgery are discussed. Currently, the major limitation is the size of the robotic endoscope and of the available instrumentation. Technological advancements that provide promise for the future development of robotic anterior skull base surgery are in development, such as single-port robots, flexible instrument systems and miniaturization and growth of minimally invasive platforms. Summary Although transnasal access to the skull base is not possible with the currently available robotic systems, promising technology does exist and is in development. Robotic anterior skull base surgery promises to provide greater access to skull base disease, improve oncologic results, reduce morbidity and to reduce the ergonomic burden on the surgeon. Correspondence to Raewyn G. Campbell, MD FRACS GradDip BAppSc (Physio), Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, The ENT Centre, 12/25-29 Hunter St., Hornsby, NSW 2077, Australia. Tel: +61 294773717; e-mail: raewyn.campbell@gmail.com Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

Updates in the cause of sinonasal inverted papilloma and malignant transformation to squamous cell carcinoma Purpose of review The purpose of this study was to give an overview of recently published articles investigating the cause of inverted papilloma and possible mechanisms mediating malignant transformation into squamous cell carcinoma (SCCa). Recent findings Inverted papilloma is a sinonasal tumour that is benign in nature, but has a tendency for local invasion, recurrence and malignant degeneration. Its pathogenesis has not been elucidated and the etiological role for human papillomavirus virus (HPV) has been controversial. Recent reports have varied in detection method (mRNA ISH, DNA ISH and PCR amplification of highly conserved regions of the viral genome), ranging from 0 to 100%. Advances in meta-genomics have permitted detection of HPV viral signatures that were previously cost-prohibitive, and there appears to be a potential role for both low-risk and high-risk in the cause of the disease. Activating EGFR mutations have also been identified to be correlated with malignant transformation, which may be exclusive of HPV infection. Furthermore, more comprehensive approaches in detecting genomic markers have been reported, with HOX-related genes and epithelial-mesenchymal-transition-related gene sets appear to be differentially upregulated. Summary Sinonasal inverted papilloma is a diverse disease that is predominantly benign, but it harbours the potential for malignant degeneration in the SCCa with cause yet to be elucidated. Current evidence supports a potential role for high-risk HPV in a subset of SCCa, with the role of low-risk HPV yet to be defined. Historic studies of individual and small groups of molecular markers have not consistently adequate characterize signalling pathways underpinning the oncogenesis, and comprehensive genomic studies are needed to better understand the disease. Correspondence to Charles C.L. Tong, MD, Department of Otorhinolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 5 Ravdin, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. E-mail: chinglick.tong@pennmedicine.upenn.edu Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

A roadmap of six different pathways to improve survival in laryngeal cancer patients Purpose of review Laryngeal cancer continues to require improvement in earlier stage diagnosis and better imaging delineation of disease, and hence 'more evidence-based' selection of treatment, as recent evidence suggests that related mortality, in the last decades, has not significantly decreased worldwide. Even though the reasons are not fully understood, there persists an urgency for a review and development of future strategies to embrace such clinical and diagnostic challenges from a political, societal, as well as scientific and clinical points of view. Recent findings This review of the published literature suggests that survival improvement in laryngeal cancer may be achieved by fuelling and combining at least some or all of six targeted agendas: documentation of disease global incidence and national burden monitoring; development and implementation of high-quality cancer registries; education on risk factors and hazardous habits associated with laryngeal cancer for the general population; active modification of proven at-risk population lifestyles; centralization of treatment; and use of machine learning of gathered 'big data' and their integration into approaches for the optimization of prevention and treatments strategies. Summary Laryngeal cancer should be tackled on several fronts, commencing with disease monitoring and prevention, up to treatment optimisation. Available modern resources offer the possibility to generate significant advances in laryngeal cancer management. However, each nation needs to develop a comprehensive approach, which is an essential prerequisite to obtain meaningful improvement on results. Correspondence to Patrick J. Bradley, 10 Chartwell Grove, Mapperley Plains, Nottingham NG3 5RD, UK. E-mail: pjbradley@zoo.co.uk Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

Can computational fluid dynamic models help us in the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis Purpose of review The aim of this study was to review the recent literature (January 2017–July 2020) on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) studies relating to chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), including airflow within the pre and postoperative sinonasal cavity, virtual surgery, topical drug and saline delivery (sprays, nebulizers and rinses) and olfaction. Recent findings Novel CFD-specific parameters (heat flux and wall shear stress) are highly correlated with patient perception of nasal patency. Increased ostial size markedly improves sinus ventilation and drug delivery. New virtual surgery tools allow surgeons to optimize interventions. Sinus deposition of nasal sprays is more effective with smaller, low-inertia particles, outside of the range produced by many commercially available products. Saline irrigation effectiveness is improved using greater volume, with liquid entering sinuses via 'flooding' of ostia rather than direct jet entry. Summary CFD has provided new insights into sinonasal airflow, air-conditioning function, the nasal cycle, novel measures of nasal patency and the impact of polyps and sinus surgery on olfaction. The deposition efficiency of topical medications on sinus mucosa can be markedly improved through parametric CFD experiments by optimising nasal spray particle size and velocity, nozzle angle and insertion location, while saline irrigation effectiveness can be optimized by modelling squeeze bottle volume and head position. More sophisticated CFD models (inhalation and exhalation, spray particle and saline irrigation) will increasingly provide translational benefits in the clinical management of CRS. Correspondence to Narinder Pal Singh, Department of Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia. Tel: +61 2 9680 8800; e-mail: narinder.singh@sydney.edu.au Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

Updates in techniques for improved visualization in sinus surgery Purpose of review Adequate visualization during endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) is one of the most critical aspects of performing well tolerated and successful surgery. The topic of visualization encompasses a broad spectrum of preoperative and intraoperative manoeuvres the surgeon can perform that aid in the understanding of the patient's anatomy and in the delivery of efficient surgical care. Recent findings Preoperative considerations to improve visualization include optimization of haemostasis through management of comorbidities (e.g. hypertension, coagulopathies), medication management (e.g. blood thinners) and systemic versus topical corticosteroids. New technologies allow preoperative visual mapping of surgical plans. Advances in knowledge of intraoperative anaesthesia have encouraged a move toward noninhaled anaesthetics to reduce bleeding. High definition cameras, angled endoscopes, 3D endoscopes and more recently augmented reality, image-guided surgery, and robotic surgery, represent the state of the art for high-quality visualization. Topical interventions, such as epinephrine, tranexamic acid and warm isotonic saline, can help to reduce bleeding and improve the operative field. Surgical manoeuvres, such as polyp debulking, septoplasty, carefully controlled tissue manipulation and a consistent repeatable approach remain fundamental to appropriate intraoperative surgical visualization. Summary This chapter delineates medical, technical and technological means – preoperatively and intraoperatively – to achieve optimized visualization of the surgical field in ESS. Correspondence to Kevin C. Welch, 676 N St Clair Suite 1325, Chicago, IL 60614, USA. Tel: +1 312 695 8182; fax: +1 312 695 4303; e-mail: Kevin.Welch@nm.org Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

Is there still a role for cranialization in modern sinus surgery? Purpose of review To give an overview of recently published literature on the indications and use of cranialization of the frontal sinuses. Recent findings Recent studies on cranialization have evaluated its role in frontal sinus fractures, inflammatory disease, and tumors involving both the frontal sinus and anterior cranial fossa. Currently, a more conservative approach is favored with traumatic injury to the frontal sinus outflow tract, with multiple studies demonstrating outflow recanalization with observation alone. Similarly, advancements in endoscopic sinus surgical approaches allow the many posterior table fractures to be managed without cranialization. Severe inflammatory disease of the frontal sinus including giant mucoceles with frontal lobe compression have successfully been managed without cranialization in multiple studies suggesting an endoscopic surgical approach can be favored in these settings. Both benign and malignant tumors of the frontal sinus are managed without cranialization with select cases favoring an open approach with cranialization depending on tumor location. Malignant tumors of the frontal sinus are more likely to require cranialization as oncologic resection including margins can lead to large dural defects with significant tissue loss, which is unfavorable for more conservative reconstructive options. Summary Cranialization remains a necessary and indicated procedure in the appropriate clinical circumstances. A more conservative approach to frontal sinus fractures is warranted, with recent literature supporting similar outcomes and less morbidity. Inflammatory disease of the frontal sinus including giant mucoceles with frontal lobe compression can be managed without cranialization. Although most benign tumors can be resected via endoscopic approaches, cranialization remains a mainstay as part of the reconstructive plan after oncologic resection of malignant tumors involving the frontal sinus. Correspondence to Rakesh K. Chandra, MD, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1215 21st Avenue South, Suite 7209, Nashville, TN 37232-8605, USA. E-mail: rakesh.chandra@vumc.org Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

Immediate dental implant placement and restoration in the edentulous mandible in head and neck cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis Purpose of review Oral rehabilitation with dental implants in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients is challenging. After tooth removal prior to radiotherapy, immediate placement of dental implants during panendoscopy or surgery is thought to reduce the oral rehabilitation time improving patients' quality of life. Recent findings There is lack of consensus on the timing of dental implant placement and loading protocols. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review of the literature regarding the performance and survival rate of immediately inserted dental implants placed prior to radiotherapy. Of 1003 articles, 10 were finally included comparing immediate vs. delayed placement of implants and comparing the effect of radiotherapy on immediately placed implants. Meta-analysis demonstrated a slightly higher survival of immediately placed implants compared with postponed placed implants [risk ratio: 0.92, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.48–1.78, P = 0.81, I2 = 0%]. The other meta-analysis comparing radiotherapy vs. nonradiotherapy showed a clearly better survival of immediately placed implants not having received radiotherapy (risk ratio: 5.02, 95% CI: 0.92–27.38, P = 0.10, I2  = 56%). Summary Guidelines are recommended for immediate dental implant placement in the edentulous mandible in HNC patients prior to radiotherapy to allow homogeneity regarding the treatment protocols and thus comparison of treatment outcomes. Correspondence to Frank K.J. Leusink, MD, PhD, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Tel: +31 20 444 1023; fax: +31 20 444 1005; e-mail: f.leusink@amsterdamumc.nl Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text and are provided in the HTML and PDF versions of this article on the journal's Website (www.co-otolaryngology.com). This is an-open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives License 4.0 (CCBY-NC-ND), where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatment of persistent/recurrent nodal disease in nasopharyngeal cancer Purpose of review Persistent or recurrent disease in the neck lymphatics is an unusual pattern of failure in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) after definitive radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy. The purpose of this review is to critically synthesize the current knowledge regarding salvage treatment of this unique form of failure in NPC. Recent findings Surgery in the form of radical neck dissection has been established as the standard salvage treatment with 5-year regional control of 60--86%. Recent shift in paradigm has resulted in the use of modified or selective neck dissection as salvage surgery in some centers. Risk factors for poor survival outcome include recurrent nodal disease, number of involved lymph nodes, extracapsular extension, high lymph node ratio, and positive resection margin. There are no well controlled studies on the role of additional radiotherapy or chemotherapy to improve local control or survival after salvage neck dissection in this group of patients with regional failure. Summary There is limited literature regarding the extent of surgical dissection in treating nodal persistent or recurrent disease. Prospective studies are also needed to determine whether adjuvant therapy improves treatment outcomes. Correspondence to Wai-Tong Ng, Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China. Tel: +852 2255 4352; fax: +852 2872 6426; e-mail: ngwt1@hku.hk Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

The role of endoscopic medial maxillectomy in sinus disease Purpose of review The endoscopic medial maxillectomy (EMM) has remained a relevant procedure for certain sinus diseases and at the same time reemerged as a salvage technique or even as a primary procedure for other diseases. Several mucosal-sparing techniques have also been described and the outcome of the surgeries is available for review. Recent findings Modifications of the EMM technique in the last two decades, aimed at mucosal preservation of the inferior turbinate, nasolacrimal duct, and medial maxillary wall have been successful in addressing a multitude of diseases. There are also evidences to support adjunct procedures/methods to improve access, healing, and to address associated dysfunction such as impaired mucociliary clearance. Tailored approaches have shown favourable outcomes with a low rate of adverse effects. Summary The EMM is appropriate for selected indications, in particular lesions causing medial wall destruction or extensive tumour involving the anterior wall or the prelacrimal recess. As for other maxillary sinus diseases including those identified to a limited site, a modified EMM is a reasonable consideration. The choice is appropriate provided instrument access, visualization, the ability for complete resection, postoperative care, and the requirement for surveillance is not compromised. A tailored approach with or without adjunct procedures is recommended. Correspondence to Narayanan Prepageran, Department of Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Tel: +60379492062; e-mail: prepageran@yahoo.com Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

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