Patterns of Superficial Midfacial Fat Volume Distribution Differ by Age and Body Mass Index

Abstract

Background

The changes that occur to midfacial fat with increasing age and BMI are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to determine how superficial cheek fat volume and distribution are differentially predicted by changes in BMI versus age.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective observational study of patients with facial computed tomography scans. Superficial cheek fat volumes were measured, and multiple linear regression analysis was performed to model the relationships between cheek fat and corresponding sex, age, and BMI data.

Results

A total of 109 patients were included in our analysis (51 male, 58 female). The subjects' ages ranged from 21.7 to 91.1 years with a mean (SD) age of 59.7 (15.0) years. The mean (SD) superficial cheek volume of the subjects was 10.46 (2.57) cc. Female subjects had a significantly greater mean total superficial cheek fat volume compared to male subjects (11.18 cc vs. 9.64 cc; P < 0.001). The results of multiple linear regression analysis indicated that together, age, sex, and BMI explained 50.8% of the variance in cheek fat volumes (R² = 0.51, P < 0.001). BMI significantly predicted total cheek fat volume (β = 0.239, P < 0.001), in addition to age (β = 0.029, P < 0.017) and sex (β = − 1.183, P = 0.001; female = 0, male = 1). Age predicted the greatest gain of fat in the caudal subdivision of cheek (β = 0.015, P < 0.001), whereas BMI predicted the greatest gain in the cephalad subdivision (β = 0.106, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Age, sex, and BMI are important predictors of midfacial fat volume. This study shows that increases in age and BMI differentially predict the distribution of superficial cheek fat.

Level of Evidence IV

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