Effects of soil pyrene contamination on growth and phenolics in Norway spruce ( Picea abies ) are modified by elevated temperature and CO 2

Abstract

With the constant accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil and increasing temperature and CO₂ levels, plants will inevitably be exposed to combined stress. Studies on the effects of such combined stresses are needed to develop mitigation and adaptation measures. Here, we investigated the effects of soil pyrene contamination (50 mg kg⁻¹) on growth and phenolics of 1-year-old Norway spruce seedlings from five different origins in Finland at elevated temperature (+ 2 °C) and CO₂ (+ 360 ppm). Pyrene significantly decreased spruce height growth (0–48%), needle biomass (0–44%), stem biomass (0–43%), and total phenolic concentrations in needles (2–13%) and stems (1–19%) compared to control plants. Elevated temperature alone did not affect growth but led to lower concentrations of total phenolics in needles (5–29%) and stems (5–18%) in both soil treatments. By contrast, elevated CO₂ led to higher needle biomass (0–39%) in pyrene-spiked soils and higher concentrations of stem phenolics (0–18%) in pyrene-spiked and control soils compared to ambient treatments. The decrease in height growth and phenolic concentrations caused by pyrene was greater at elevated temperature, while elevated CO₂ only marginally modified the response. Seedlings from different origins showed different responses to the combined environmental stressors. The changes in growth and in the quantity and quality of phenolics in this study suggest that future climate changes will aggravate the negative influence of soil pyrene pollution on northern conifer forest ecosystems.