Clinical and molecular implications of structural changes to desmosomes and corneodesmosomes

Abstract

Desmosomes provide the main intercellular adhesive properties between epidermal keratinocytes. Their distribution becomes uneven in severe dermatitis, multiple allergies and metabolic wasting syndrome due to desmoglein 1 deficiency and the loss of intercellular adhesion or acantholysis. When keratinocytes differentiate from granular cells into cornified cells, desmosomes are transformed into corneodesmosomes and can provide stronger intercellular adhesion. Degradation of corneodesmosomes is a tightly regulated process involving a number of proteases and their inhibitors. Peripheral corneodesmosomes are protected from proteolytic degradation by the tight junction-related structures around them, and this construction provides the basis for the normal basket weave-like structure of the stratum corneum. In Netherton syndrome, which is caused by an absence of the protease inhibitor lymphoepithelial Kazal-type-related inhibitor, premature degradation of corneodesmosomes occurs due to the overactivation of proteases involved in corneodesmosome degradation. Inflammatory peeling skin disease is caused by the absence of corneodesmosin, a unique component of corneodesmosomes. In this disease, corneodesmosomes are structurally abnormal, and their adhesiveness is compromised, which leads to intercellular splitting between the stratum corneum and stratum granulosum. The better we understand desmosome and corneodesmosome ultrastructure in normal and diseased skin, the clearer the physiological and pathological mechanisms of epidermal integrity become.