Use of coliphages to investigate norovirus contamination in a shellfish growing area in Republic of Korea

Abstract

A number of severe norovirus outbreaks due to the consumption of contaminated shellfish have been reported recently. In this study, we evaluated the distribution of coliphage densities to determine their efficacy as fecal indicators of enteric viruses, including noroviruses, in water samples collected from a shellfish growing area in Republic of Korea over a period of approximately 1 year. Male-specific and somatic coliphages in water samples were analyzed using the single agar layer method, and norovirus genogroups I and II, which infect mainly humans, were analyzed using duplex reverse transcription quantitative PCR. Male-specific and somatic coliphages were detected widely throughout the study area. Several environmental parameters, including salinity, precipitation, temperature, and wind speed were significantly correlated with coliphage concentrations (P < 0.05). Moreover, the concentrations of male-specific coliphages were positively correlated with the presence of human noroviruses (r = 0.443; P < 0.01). The geospatial analysis with coliphage concentrations using a geographic information system revealed that densely populated residential areas were the major source of fecal contamination. Our results indicate that coliphage monitoring in water could be a useful approach to prevent norovirus contamination in shellfish.

Effect of tetramethyl thiuram disulfide (thiram) in relation to tibial dyschondroplasia in chickens

Abstract

Tetramethyl thiuram disulfide (thiram) is one of the important pesticides, which is extensively used in agriculture, but if it is combined with the cell membrane, then it causes membrane damage, bone morphogenic inactivation, and inhibited angiogenesis. Thiram has been considered a common cause of tibial dyschondrolplasia (TD) in various avian species, because it becomes the part of feed due to environmental contamination and its overuse in agriculture as pesticides or fungicide. However, there is no systematic study on the changes of the correlation indexes with toxic effect of the thiram in chickens. Therefore, we evaluated the toxic effects of thiram on growth performance of chickens, viscera organ index, pathological changes in tissue, and gene expression associated with osteoblast differentiation, vascularization, and tibial bone development. For this study, 1-day chickens (n = 300) were randomly distributed into two equal groups, control group (normal basal diet) and thiram group (adding thiram 40 mg/kg in basal diet). The result presented that thiram group chickens were looking unhealthy, lazy, and showing clinical symptoms like lameness. Thiram treatment significantly reduced the performance of chickens, liver index, and tibial length compared with control group. The toxic effect of thiram increased the visceral organ index (spleen and cardiac), tibia index, and TD severity considerably. It also increased serum Ca²⁺ and P³⁺ concentration and decreased tibial density compared to control chickens but the difference was not significant. Histopathology of tibia and liver showed that there were severe lesions due to toxic effect of thiram. Furthermore, HIF-1α and VEGF antibody localizations were increased and WNT4 localization was reduced significantly in immunohistochemical analysis. This systemic study of toxic effects of thiram in chicken concluded that thiram reduced the growth performance of chickens through decreasing liver index, whereas increasing kidney, cardiac, and spleen index, and induced TD by changing the expressions of VEGF, HIF-1α, and WNT4.

Brain Health and the Batterer

Violence and Gender, Ahead of Print.

The therapeutic potential of targeting the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition

Abstract

Endothelial cells (ECs) have been found to be capable of acquiring a mesenchymal phenotype through a process known as endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT). First seen in the developing embryo, EndMT can be triggered postnatally under certain pathological conditions. During this process, ECs dedifferentiate into mesenchymal stem-like cells (MSCs) and subsequently give rise to cell types belonging to the mesoderm lineage. As EndMT contributes to a multitude of diseases, pharmacological modulation of the signaling pathways underlying EndMT may prove to be effective as a therapeutic treatment. Additionally, EndMT in ECs could also be exploited to acquire multipotent MSCs, which can be readily re-differentiated into various distinct cell types. In this review, we will consider current models of EndMT, how manipulation of this process might improve treatment of clinically important pathologies and how it could be harnessed to advance regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.

Split-Face, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Study to Investigate Passive Versus Active Dermal Filler Administration

Abstract

Background

QueryHyaluronic acid (HA) is a large polymer increasingly used as dermal filler. HA does not permeate through healthy skin and is administered using various injection techniques. As HA procedures become more popular, the number of complications in facial rejuvenation procedures is likely to increase. Alternative methods may be necessary to satisfy the increasing demand for HA procedures. High-frequency high-intensity ultrasound is a painless and noninvasive method to deliver large molecules to the skin that is expected to deliver HA with visible results.

Objective

Assess facial rejuvenation with HA delivered with high-frequency high-intensity ultrasound.

Methods

Fifteen women (mean age 55) willing to participate in a randomized, double-blind, face-split trial with HA and placebo formulations in different sides of the face, were subject to five treatment sessions with high-frequency high-intensity ultrasound. Photographs taken before the procedure and after the last procedure were evaluated by a panel of five experts, blind to which side was treated with the HA or with the placebo.

Results

The expert panel identified a noticeable facial rejuvenation in the HA side relative to the placebo with a very statistically significant difference between the two sides (p < 0.0001).

Conclusions

Administration of HA with high-frequency high-intensity ultrasound is safe and leads to unambiguous facial rejuvenation.

Level of Evidence I

This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

Best Before Date Necessity: A Reply to Psillos

Abstract

This discussion paper is a reply to Stathis Psillos' paper "Induction and Natural Necessities" (J Gen Philos Sci 48(3):327–340, 2017. https://ift.tt/2OaCrSJ), published in this journal. In that paper, he attempts to refute David Armstrong's solution to the problem of induction. To accomplish this desideratum, he proposes that the best explanation for our observed regularities is a sort of "best before date" necessity. That is, necessary connections may break down and are not by default timeless. He develops arguments against my (Castro, Teorema 33(3):67–82, 2014) defence of the necessitarian solution regarding a previous paper by Beebee (Noûs 45(3):504–527, 2011. https://ift.tt/2vfiTFH). He alleges that (a) best before date necessity is no worse than timeless necessity; (b) his proposal does not imply any further inductive generalisation to timeless necessity; and (c) inductive inferences are justified. In this discussion paper, I provide arguments against these three claims.

Antibiotic-induced alterations in taurocholic acid levels promote gastrointestinal colonization of Candida albicans

Abstract

Candida albicans is a fungal pathogen that poses a significant public health risk due to high incidence and mortality rates among immunocompromised patients. C. albicans infections begin with successful gastrointestinal (GI) colonization; however, the mechanisms behind this colonization remain to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated the role of taurocholic acid (TCA) on growth and GI colonization of C. albicans. Our results indicate that cefoperazone-treated mice susceptible to C. albicans infection had significantly increased levels of TCA in the gut contents. In addition, an increase in TCA levels directly correlates with higher C. albicans load in the fecal and gut contents of antibiotic-treated infected mice. Using in vitro assays, we also demonstrated that TCA enhances the growth of C. albicans and its ability to develop filamentous hyphae. Furthermore, TCA significantly increased the ability of C. albicans to attach to mammalian cells. These results demonstrate that antibiotic treatment alters TCA levels in the gut and potentially enhances GI colonization of C. albicans.

Inactivation of feline calicivirus using ultraviolet light-emitting diodes

Abstract

Ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (UV-LEDs) with peak emission wavelengths of 265, 280 and 300 nm were applied for the inactivation of feline calicivirus (FCV) in water, and the results were compared to those derived with a common viral surrogate coliphage MS2. The fluence response profiles indicated that the log₁₀-based inactivation rate constant of FCV was 0.113, 0.101 and 0.007 cm² mJ⁻¹ for the 265, 280 and 300 nm UV-LEDs, respectively, while that of MS2 was 0.034, 0.033 and 0.003 cm² mJ⁻¹ for the 265, 280 and 300 nm UV-LEDs, respectively. Namely, FCV was about 2 to 3 times more sensitive than MS2 to germicidal UV emissions adopted in this study, and the 265 nm and 280 nm UV-LEDs were particularly effective to inactivate FCV. Results of this study are to be a part of knowledge base on fluence response profiles of various microorganisms, which would foster the development of disinfection apparatuses equipped with UV-LEDs.

The impacts of seawater physicochemical parameters and sediment metal contents on trace metal concentrations in mussels—a chemometric approach

Abstract

The concentrations of Al, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, Zn, and Hg were studied in Mytilus galloprovincialis collected from the coastal area of Montenegro. The impact of seawater temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, total organic carbon (TOC), and metal content in sediment samples on the metal contents in mussels collected from three locations in four different seasons was analyzed by a Pearson correlation coefficient (r), principal component analysis (PCA), and cluster analysis (CA). These analyses were used to discriminate groups of samples, elements, and seawater parameters, according to similarity of samples chemical composition in different seasons, as well as the impact of seawater parameters and surface sediment composition on the mussels' element concentrations. Synergistic interactions occurred between seawater TOC, Fe, and Al concentrations in mussels. Compared with other studies, which are usually performed under constant laboratory conditions where mussels undergo only one stress at a time, this study was performed in nature. The analyses showed the importance of considering simultaneously acting environmental parameters that make determining of separate impacts of each factor selected very difficult and complex.

Cross-section investigation and analysis of anxiety and depression in preoperative patients in outpatient department of aesthetic plastic surgery in a general hospital in China

Publication date: Available online 3 August 2018

Source: Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery

Author(s): Liyuan Wei, Chaoyi Ge, Wei Xiao, Xiaochen Zhang, Jinghong Xu

Summary

Objective: This study was designed to evaluate the anxiety and depression disorders and investigate the prevalence and risk factors in preoperative patients who came to cosmetic plastic surgery clinic. Methods: Using the field survey method, the estimate of anxiety and depression in preoperative patients was made by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale from July 2016 to July 2017 in the outpatient department of plastic surgery in a general hospital. The demographic information was collected. All data were analyzed by SPSS statistical package. Results: A total of 315 patients were enrolled, including 15 males and 300 females, with an average age of 30 ± 8.4 years. The mean HADS score was 8.2 ± 5.13, HADS-A was 4.7±3.04, and HADS-D was 3.5±2.72. The HADS-A score was significantly higher than the HADS-D score (p=0.000). There were 34 cases (10.8%) with anxiety, 15 cases (4.8%) with depression and 6 cases (1.9%) with both anxiety and depression. We found that education level of these patients (p=0.001) and the development level of their residence places (p=0.040) have a negative correlation with the score of anxiety. There was a negative correlation between education level (p=0.000) and depression score. The education level was associated with the diagnosis of anxiety (p=0.034). The education level (p=0.001) and occupations (p=0.015) were associated with the diagnosis of depression. Conclusion: In the patients seeking cosmetic plastic surgery, the preoperative anxiety is more obvious than depression. There is a negative correlation between education level and anxiety and depressive symptoms.

Nipple-sparing mastectomy with different approaches: surgical incisions, complications and cosmetic results. Preliminary results of 100 consecutive patients at a single center

Publication date: Available online 3 August 2018

Source: Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery

Author(s): G. Corso, F. De Lorenzi, E. Vicini, G. Pagani, P. Veronesi, M. Sargenti, F. Magnoni, P. Naninato, P. Maisonneuve, C. Sangalli, M. Rietjens, Viviana Galimberti

Abstract

Nipple areola sparing mastectomy is a novel surgical approach that preserves the nipple areola complex. Patients with moderate and/or severe breast ptosis are usually not eligible for this surgical approach. In this study we are aimed to demonstrate the feasibility of non-conventional surgical approaches for nipple sparing mastectomy.

One hundred consecutive patients were enrolled for this study, with diagnosed primary breast cancer. Clinical and pathological data, such as body mass index, smoking status, breast ptosis, complications and aesthetic satisfaction (Breast-Q test) were considered. In accord with the different type of breast ptosis, surgical procedures were classified as a) hemi-periareolar, b) round block, c) vertical pattern, and d) wise pattern skin incisions. We considered statistical analysis to assess the correlation with complications, degree of ptosis, and breast-Q scores.

Among the 117 surgical procedures performed in 100 breast cancer patients, no significant associations are verified considering clinical and pathological data, complications, pre- and post-surgery satisfactions, such as other parameters.

Different surgical approaches represent the evolution of "classic" nipple sparing mastectomy, meeting the cosmetic and oncological results. These procedures are safety and indicated also in cases conventionally considered not eligible for nipple areola preservation.

Autologous fat grafting for enhancement of breast reconstruction with a transverse myocutaneous gracilis flap: A cohort study

Publication date: Available online 3 August 2018

Source: Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery

Author(s): Elisabeth Russe, Hassan Kholosy, Laurenz Weitgasser, Michael Brandstetter, Heike Traintinger, Jennifer Neureiter, Gottfried Wechselberger, Thomas Schoeller

Summary

Background

The transverse myocutaneous gracilis (TMG) flap is a viable option for reconstruction of small to moderate breasts. The purpose of this series was to examine outcomes of fat grafting to breast and donor site secondary to breast reconstruction with a TMG flap.

Methods

A cohort study was undertaken to identify all patients who underwent autologous fat grafting after breast reconstruction with a TMG flap at two institutions between 1/2009 and 10/2013. Data was collected regarding patient demographics, body mass index and medical history as well as surgical details regarding TMG flap surgery and fat grafting.

Results

A total of 145 fat graftings were performed in 83 patients following TMG flap breast reconstruction for improvement of contour, shape and volume of breasts (98%, n=142), donor site (9%, n=13) or both (7%, n=10), mainly after breast cancer surgery (83%). On average 1.8 fat grafting sessions were performed with an average of 30cc fat per breast and 56.4cc fat per thigh. In 72% fat injection was performed with other pending reconstructive procedures. Fat was harvested in tumescent technique, using a filter syringe system and injected without any further processing in multiple layers.

Conclusions

Autologous fat grafting as a secondary procedure represents a powerful adjunct to enhance the aesthetic outcome of the reconstructed breast and donor site. It can be easily combined with other pending reconstructive procedures. With additional fat grafting it may be possible to expand indications and offer autologous reconstruction with a TMG flap even in very lean patients.

The impact of orthognathic surgery on velopharyngeal function by evaluating speech and cephalometric radiographs

Publication date: Available online 3 August 2018

Source: Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery

Author(s): D. Impieri, K.A. Tønseth, Ø. Hide, E.L. Brinck, H.E. Høgevold, C. Filip

Abstract

Background

: Maxillary retrognathia is a well-known consequence of abnormal facial growth in patients with cleft lip and palate. Orthognathic surgery improves facial appearance and occlusion, but may induce velopharyngeal insufficiency. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of orthognathic surgery on velopharyngeal function using speech analysis and lateral cephalometric radiographs.

Patients and Methods

: A retrospective study of 47 patients who underwent maxillary advancement ± mandibular setback between 2006 and 2016. Pre- and 1-year postoperative audio recordings were blinded for scoring by three trained speech therapists. Pre- and 1-year postoperative lateral cephalometric radiographs were used to obtain information about skeletal movement and its relationship with the velopharyngeal area. Correlations between the speech outcomes and cephalometric radiographs were calculated.

Results

: Hyponasality improved significantly after surgery (p<0.05), while hypernasality deteriorated significantly only in the patients who underwent maxillary advancement alone (p<0.05). No difference in speech parameters was found between patients with hypernasality or patients who had a pharyngoplasty preoperatively and the rest of the group. No correlation was found between amount of maxillary advancement and hypernasality. Significant correlation (r< -0.49, p<0.05) was found between preoperative velar length and hypernasality postoperatively.

Conclusions

: Maxillary advancement has a negative impact on velopharyngeal function, while bimaxillary surgery seems to protect from deterioration. No difference was found in the amount of maxillary advancement or in velopharyngeal measurements between the Le Fort I and the bimaxillary group. A short soft palate is a predictor of hypernasality after orthognathic surgery.

Robot-assisted mediastinoscopic esophagectomy for esophageal cancer: the first clinical series

Abstract

Background

Radical esophagectomy for esophageal cancer is associated with high morbidity, especially with pulmonary complications. Mediastinoscopic esophagectomy via a small left neck incision combined with the esophageal hiatus, without using transthoracic approach, has been reported to reduce pulmonary complication; however, from technical point of view, this approach using non-articulating, straight, long forceps is extremely challenging, especially in the middle mediastinal area. Its technical difficulties may be attenuated using da Vinci Surgical System. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and safety of robot-assisted mediastinoscopic esophagectomy.

Methods

Robot-assisted mediastinoscopic esophagectomy was performed in six patients between October 2016 and May 2017. Robotic esophageal mobilization with upper and middle mediastinal lymphadenectomy was performed via the three da Vinci Xi (Intuitive Surgical, Inc. Sunnyvale, CA) trocars placed on the 5-cm left cervical incision. Thereafter, the remaining part of radical esophagectomy was completed via a transhiatal approach.

Results

Upper and middle mediastinal lymphadenectomy was robotically completed via the transcervical approach in all cases without conversion to transthoracic approach. No postoperative complications (Clavien–Dindo classification grade ≥ III) were observed.

Conclusions

Robot-assisted mediastinoscopic esophagectomy was technically feasible and safe. Use of da Vinci Surgical System may help attenuate technical difficulties in transcervical middle mediastinal lymph node dissection.

ESMO Consensus Conference on testicular germ cell cancer: diagnosis, treatment and follow-up

Abstract

The European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) consensus conference on testicular cancer was held on 3–5 November 2016 in Paris, France. The conference included a multidisciplinary panel of 36 leading experts in the diagnosis and treatment of testicular cancer (34 panel members attended the conference; an additional two panel members [CB and K-PD] participated in all preparatory work and subsequent manuscript development). The aim of the conference was to develop detailed recommendations on topics relating to testicular cancer that are not covered in detail in the current ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs) and where the available level of evidence is insufficient. The main topics identified for discussion related to: (1) diagnostic work-up and patient assessment; (2) stage I disease; (3) stage II-III disease; (4) post-chemotherapy surgery, salvage chemotherapy, salvage and desperation surgery and special topics; and (5) survivorship and follow-up schemes. The experts addressed questions relating to one of the five topics within five working groups. Relevant scientific literature was reviewed in advance. Recommendations were developed by the working groups and then presented to the entire panel. A consensus vote was obtained following whole-panel discussions, and the consensus recommendations were then further developed in post-meeting discussions in written form. This manuscript presents the results of the expert panel discussions, including the consensus recommendations and a summary of evidence supporting each recommendation. All participants approved the final manuscript.

Targeting gamma secretase: has progress moved up a notch?

It only takes two to tango: against grounding morality in interaction

Abstract

Most Kantian constructivists try to ground universal duties of interpersonal morality in certain interactions between individuals, such as communication, argumentation, shared action or the second-person standpoint. The goal of this paper is to present these, which I refer to as arguments from the second-person perspective, with a dilemma: either the specific kind of interaction that is taken as a starting point of these arguments is inescapable, but in that case the argument does not justify a universal principle of interpersonal morality. Or interaction does have a principle of interpersonal morality among its necessary conditions of possibility, but such forms of interactions are merely optional. I argue that proponents of arguments from the second-person perspective have failed to provide a convincing response to this dilemma and that this failure is systematic. This suggests that the success of Kantian constructivism depends on the success of arguments from the first person.

Variability and Determinants of Occupational Noise Exposure Among Iron and Steel Factory Workers in Tanzania

Abstract

Background

Machines, processes, and tasks in the iron and steel factories may produce noise levels that are harmful to hearing if not properly controlled. Studies documenting noise exposure levels and related determinants in sub-Saharan Africa, including Tanzania are lacking. The aim of this study was to document noise exposure and to identify determinants of noise exposure with a view to establishing an effective hearing conservation programme.

Methods

A walk-through survey was conducted to describe the working environment in terms of noise sources in four metal factories (A–D) in Tanzania. Noise measurements were conducted by both personal, full-shift noise measurements (8 h) using dosimeters and area measurements (10-s measurements) using a sound level meter. A total of 163 participants had repeated personal noise measurements (Factory A: 46 participants, B: 43, C: 34, and D: 40). Workers were randomly selected and categorized into 13 exposure groups according to their job. Linear mixed effects models were used to identify significant determinants of noise exposure in the furnace section and the rolling mill section.

Results

The average personal noise exposure in the four factories was 92.0 dB(A) (range of job group means; 85.4–96.2 dB(A)) (n = 326). Personal exposure was significantly higher in the rolling mill section (93.0 dB(A)) than in the furnace section (89.6 dB(A)). Among the job groups, the cutters located in the rolling mill section had the highest noise exposure (96.2 dB(A)). In the furnace section, furnace installation (below the ground floor), manual handling of raw materials/billets/crowbars, and billet weighing/transfer were significant determinants explaining 40% of the total variance in personal noise exposure. In the rolling mill section, the size of the cutting machine, steel billet weight and feeding re-heating furnace explained 46% of the total variance in personal noise exposure. The mean noise level of the area measurements was 90.5 dB(A) (n = 376).

Conclusion

Workers in the four iron and steel factories in Tanzania were exposed to average noise of 92.0 dB(A), without using hearing protection, implying a high risk of developing hearing loss. Task and factory level determinants were identified in the furnace and the rolling mill sections of the plant, which can inform noise control in factories with similar characteristics.

21st Century Biological Nomenclature—the Enduring Power of Names

Synopsis

Nomenclature and taxonomy are complementary and distinct aspects of the study of biodiversity, but the two are often confused even by biologists. Taxonomy is the part of the science of systematics that deals with identifying, describing, and categorizing organisms from species to higher taxa. Nomenclature is a system of giving names to organisms based on rules established for the process. Adoption of a system of binomial nomenclature by end of the 18th century helped standardize the process of naming the wealth of new organisms collected during the Age of Exploration, but before the middle of the 19th century, the turmoil resulting from differences in procedures and philosophies among practicing taxonomists necessitated the development of codes of nomenclature to regulate naming. By the early 20th century, codified sets of rules for the names of both plants and animals, nowadays usually abbreviated as ICBN (Botanical Code) and ICZN (Zoological Code), were in place internationally. These codes worked reasonably well through most of the 20th century, under the aegis of various international bodies, in part because procedures exist to bypass them when their provisions threaten nomenclatural stability. They also inspired the development of other nomenclatural codes for specific groups of organisms like bacteria, and, alternatively, the proposal of unified codes for all organisms. The rapid development of electronic communications and various means of electronic publication at the end of the 20th century, combined with what may be the advent of a new age of biological extinction, resulted in pressure to revise the codes to allow at least some degree of electronic publication and speedier description of new taxa in the 21st century. Consistent and unambiguous names are the platforms on which biological research and conservation practices are built. As we pursue the goals of documenting and conserving biodiversity, for which a stable nomenclature is essential, we must do so without restricting the freedom of the science of systematics.

Mitochondrial dynamics (fission and fusion) and collagen production in a rat model of diabetic wound healing treated by photobiomodulation: comparison of 904 nm laser and 850 nm light-emitting diode (LED)

Publication date: Available online 3 August 2018

Source: Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology

Author(s): José Carlos Tatmatsu-Rocha, Carla Roberta Tim, Lucimar Avo, Rubens Bernardes Filho, Patricia Brassolati, Hueliton Wilian Kido, Michael R. Hamblin, Nivaldo Antonio Parizotto

Abstract

Objective

Mitochondrial dysfunction has been associated with the development of diabetes mellitus which is characterized by disorders of collagen production and impaired wound healing. This study analyzed the effects of photobiomodulation (PBM) mediated by laser and light-emitting diode (LED) on the production and organization of collagen fibers in an excisional wound in an animal model of diabetes, and the correlation with inflammation and mitochondrial dynamics.

Methods

Twenty Wistar rats were randomized into 4 groups of 5 animals. Groups: (SHAM) a control non-diabetic wounded group with no treatment; (DC) a diabetic wounded group with no treatment; (DLASER) a diabetic wounded group irradiated by 904 nm pulsed laser (40 mW, 9500 Hz, 1 min, 2.4 J); (DLED) a diabetic wounded group irradiated by continuous wave LED 850 nm (48 mW, 22 s, 1.0 J). Diabetes was induced by injection with streptozotocin (70 mg/kg). PBM was carried out daily for 5 days followed by sacrifice and tissue removal.

Results

Collagen fibers in diabetic wounded skin were increased by DLASER but not by DLED. Both groups showed increased blood vessels by atomic force microscopy. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was higher and cyclooxygenase (COX2) was lower in the DLED group. Mitochondrial fusion was higher and mitochondrial fusion was lower in DLED compared to DLASER.

Conclusion

Differences observed between DLASER and DLED may be due to the pulsed laser and CW LED, and to the higher dose of laser. Regulation of mitochondrial homeostasis may be an important mechanism for PBM effects in diabetes.