Combination of paromomycin plus human anti-TNF-α antibodies to control the local inflammatory response in BALB/ mice with cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is caused by a broad range of species of the genus Leishmania. In the skin lesions that appear following the phlebotomine bite, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines play different roles in resistance/susceptibility and determine the immunopathogenesis of Leishmania spp. infection [1]. Therefore, T helper 1 (Th1) inflammatory cytokines, especially interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin (IL)-12, are crucial in the initiation of protective immunity against L.