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Πέμπτη 20 Ιανουαρίου 2022

Physical activity ameliorates the function of organs via adipose tissue in metabolic diseases

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Via histochem

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Acta Histochem. 2022 Jan 16;124(2):151844. doi: 10.1016/j.acthis.2022.151844. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Adipose tissue is a dynamic organ in the endocrine system that can connect organs by secreting molecules and bioactive. Hence, adipose tissue really plays a pivotal role in regulating metabolism, inflammation, energy homeostasis, and thermogenesis. Disruption of hub bioactive molecules secretion such as adipokines leads to dysregulate metabolic communication between a dipose tissue and other organs in non-communicable disorders. Moreover, a sedentary lifestyle may be a risk factor for adipose tissue function. Physical inactivity leads to fat tissue accumulation and promotes obesity, Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disease, fatty liver, osteoporosis, and inflammatory bowel disease. On the other hand, physical activity may ameliorate and protect the body against metabolic disorders, triggering thermogenesis, metabolism, mitochondrial biogenesis, β-oxidation, and glucose uptake. Furthermore, physical activity provides an inter-organ association and cross-talk between different tissues by improving adipose tissue function, reprogramming gene expression, modulating molecules and bioactive factors. Also, physical activity decreases chronic inflammation, oxidative stress and improves metabolic features in adipose tissue. The current review focuses on the beneficial effect of physical activity on the cardiovascular, locomotor, digestive, and nervous systems. In addition, we visualize protein-protein interactions networks between hub proteins involved in dysregulating metabolic induced by adipose tissue.

PMID:35045377 | DOI:10.1016/j.acthis.2022.151844

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Labyrinthine calcification in ears with otitis media and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (OMAAV): A report of two cases

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Publication date: Available online 19 January 2022

Source: Auris Nasus Larynx

Author(s): Tadao Yoshida, Masumi Kobayashi, Satofumi Sugimoto, Shinji Naganawa, Michihiko Sone

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Challenges in Interpreting Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Results in the Diagnosis of Thyroid Dysfunction

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The pituitary hormone, thyrotropin (TSH), is regarded as the primary biomarker for evaluating thyroid function and is useful in guiding treatment with levothyroxine for patients with hypothyroidism. The amplified response of TSH to slight changes in thyroid hormone levels provides a large and easily measured signal in the routine care setting. Laboratories provide reference ranges with upper and lower cutoffs for TSH to define normal thyroid function. The upper limit of the range, used to diagnose subclinical (mild) hypothyroidism, is itself a matter for debate, with authoritative guidelines recommending treatment to within the lower half of the range. Concomitant diseases, medications, supplements, age, gender, ethnicity, iodine status, time of day, time of year, autoantibodies, heterophilic ant ibodies, smoking, and other factors influence the level of TSH, or the performance of current TSH assays. The long-term prognostic implications of small deviations of TSH from the reference range are unclear. Correction of TSH to within the reference range does not always bring thyroid and other biomarkers into range and will not always resolve the patient's symptoms. Overt hypothyroidism requires intervention with levothyroxine. It remains important that physicians managing a patient with symptoms suggestive of thyroid disease consider all of the patient's relevant disease, lifestyle, and other factors before intervening on the basis of a marginally raised TSH level alone. Finally, these limitations of TSH testing mitigate against screening the population for the undoubtedly substantial prevalence of undiagnosed thyroid disease, until appropriately designed randomised trials have quantified the benefits and harms from this approach.
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Superior Approach of Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve: Review of the Literature

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The identification and dissection of the recurrent laryngeal nerve is essential to guarantee its anatomical and functional integrity. The superior approach of the recurrent nerve is a reliable surgical alternative. Various indications are recognized with a reliable landmark. This is the entry point into the larynx under the inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage. The limits of this technique, namely, the extralaryngeal divisions and the hemorrhages encountered at the point of entry of the larynx are a source of morbidity of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. A careful dissection, respect for the surgical steps, and the surgeon's experience are guarantees of a good result. We wanted through a review of the literature and our experience in the superior approach to discuss surgical indications, to ident ify landmarks at the point of entry of the larynx, to determine the limits of this approach, and to take precautions to mitigate the risk of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury.
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Use of FDG-PET/CT to Predict Immunotherapy Treatment Response in Patients With OCSCC

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This study assesses whether there are changes on fluoro-[18F]- deoxy-2-D-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography scans in patients with oral cavity squamous cell cancer receiving neoadjuvant immunotherapy.
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Ear, Nose, Throat, and Bronchial Involvements in VEXAS Syndrome

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VEXAS syndrome (vacuoles, E1 enzyme, X-linked, autoinflammatory, somatic) is a monogenic disease of adulthood caused by somatic mutations in UBA1 in hematopoietic progenitor cells. Patients develop inflammatory and hematologic symptoms.

VEXAS causes symptoms that included blood clots in veins, recurrent fevers, pulmonary abnormalities and vacuoles (unusual cavity-like structures) in myeloid cells.

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This case report describes 3 patients with VEXAS syndrome with atypical or not previously described ear, nose, and throat involvement.
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LncRNA NR2F2-AS1 functions as a tumor suppressor in gastric cancer through targeting miR-320b/PDCD4 pathway

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Histol Histopathol. 2022 Jan 20:18429. doi: 10.14670/HH-18-429. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Gastric cancer is among the most frequently occurring gastrointestinal malignancies with a high mortality rate worldwide. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are defined as core regulators in the occurrence and progression of multiple cancers, including gastric carcinoma. Mounting evidence has indicated that NR2F2-AS1 can inhibit several malignant tumors. However, the function and potential mechanism of NR2F2-AS1 remain unclear. In the current study, we found that NR2F2-AS1 was weakly expressed in gastric cancer cells in comparison with normal cells. The study has further disclosed that ectopic of NR2F2-AS1 repressed cell proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT whereas it promoted cell apoptosis in gastric carcinoma. Subsequently, our results confirmed that miR-320b was negatively regulated and that suppression of miR-320b alleviated the malig nant behaviors of GC cells. More importantly, PDCD4 was a target of miR-320b. Mechanistically, NR2F2-AS1 modulated the expression level of PDCD4 by sponging miR-320b. Finally, rescue assays demonstrated that NR2F2-AS1 down-regulated PDCD4 expression to restrain the development of gastric cancer by competitively binding to miR-320b. On the whole, our study revealed the role of NR2F2-AS1/miR-320b/PDCD4 regulatory network in gastric cancer, suggesting NR2F2-AS1 may represent a novel therapeutic target for patients with gastric carcinoma.

PMID:35048354 | DOI:10.14670/HH-18-429

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Increasing the reliability of real-time electrocochleography during cochlear implantation: a standardized guideline

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Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2022 Jan 20. doi: 10.1007/s00405-021-07204-7. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: Electrocochleography (ECochG) measures electrical potentials generated by the inner ear in response to acoustic stimulation. Real-time (rt) recordings are increasingly used during cochlear implant (CI) surgeries to monitor the inner ear function. However, the performance of rt-ECochG is a delicate measurement procedure involving several pitfalls, which lead to inaccurate or invalid signal recordings in up to 20%. In order to use the technique routinely in CI candidates, an improvement in measurement reliability must be achieved.

METHODS: In our prospective study, we systematically investigated potential pitfalls and error sources during rt-ECochG recordings. We performed experiments (i) on a head and torso simulator, (ii) on a whole-head cadaver specimen, (iii) as well as in vivo during rt-ECochG recordings in CI reci pients. After analyzing experiments i-iii, a standardized measurement procedure was developed. We followed this guideline in 10 CI recipients to test the measurement reliability.

RESULTS: Besides improper installation, surgical and patient-specific factors influenced the measured signal. In particular, the unattenuated presentation of the acoustic stimulus was of importance. We summarized our findings in a standardized guideline. Following this guideline, we measured successful intraoperative ECochG recordings in 9/10 patients.

CONCLUSIONS: Our error analysis improved the understanding of successful rt-ECochG measurements. When following our proposed guideline, we achieved more reliable intraoperative ECochG recordings.

PMID:35048175 | DOI:10.1007/s00405-021-07204-7

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Management of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw-a review of recent study results in comparison to established strategies

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Via hno

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HNO. 2022 Jan 20. doi: 10.1007/s00106-021-01130-0. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Antiresorptive agents are some of the most frequently used drugs worldwide, with indications in osteology and oncology. They are generally well tolerated and display a favorable safety profile. A potentially severe unwanted side effect is medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ).

PURPOSE OF THIS REVIEW: This review summarizes the latest developments in etiology, di agnosis, and treatment of MRONJ, and compares new insights with established algorithms.

METHODS: A systematic review of relevant studies exploring diagnostic methods, prospective management trials, and innovative studies on the pathogenesis of MRONJ published between 2016 and 2021 was performed. The study quality was assessed using the MINORS (methodological index for non-randomized studies) rating score.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The prevalence of MRONJ in patients undergoing treatment with antiresorptive drugs for oncological reasons is remarkable (2-12%). MRONJ prevalence in patients receiving antiresorptive drugs for the treatment of osteoporosis is much lower (0.1-1%). MRONJ treatment should be initiated early and involve a surgical approach. MRONJ treatment is safe and predictable, with long-term success rates of more than 85%.

PMID:35050392 | DOI:10.1007/s00106-021-01130-0

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The Impact of Tyrosine Iodination on the Aggregation and Cleavage Kinetics of MMP-9-Responsive Peptide Sequences

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ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2022 Jan 20. doi: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01488. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) enzymes are over-expressed by some metastatic cancers, in which they are responsible for the degradation and remodeling of the extracellular matrix. In recent years, MMPs have emerged as promising targets for enzyme-responsive diagnostic probes because oligopeptides can be designed to be selectively hydrolyzed by exposure to these enzymes. With the ultimate goal of developing radio-iodinated peptides as supramolecular building blocks for MMP-sensitive tools for nuclear imaging and therapy, we designed three MMP-9-responsive peptides containing either tyrosine or iodotyrosine to assess the impact of iodotyrosine introduction to the peptide structure and cleavage kinetics. We found that the peptides containing iodotyrosine underwent more rapid and more complete hydrolysis by MMP-9. While the peptides under investigation were predominantly disordered, it was found that iodination increased the degree of aromatic residue-driven aggregation of the peptides. We determined that these iodination-related trends stem from the improved overall intramolecular order through H- and halogen bonding, in addition to intermolecular organization of the self-assembled peptides due to steric and electrostatic effects introduced by the halogenated tyrosine. These fundamental observations provide insights for the development of enzyme-triggered pep tide aggregation tools for localized radioactive iodine-based tumor imaging.

PMID:35050574 | DOI:10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01488

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Change in Thyroid Hormone Metabolite Concentrations Across Different Thyroid States

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Thyroid, Ahead of Print.
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