The prevalence of affective disorders such as depression and anxiety is particularly high in patients with autoimmune diseases, including inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and hidradenitis suppurativa. A dysregulated immune response has been linked to the precipitation of depression in many patient populations. However, studies examining the extent to which the underlying skin disease inflammatory processes contribute to depression and a subsequent decline in quality of life are limited. The published literature over the past 5 years was reviewed for evidence of a relationship between depression and inflammatory processes in the context of skin pathology. The findings, particularly the evidence from interventional clinical trials of targeted anti-cytokine therapies, suggest that pro-inflammatory cytokines associated with several skin diseases may be causally linked with the coexistent depressive symptomology.
Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2018;31:246–251
Τετάρτη 27 Ιουνίου 2018
Inflammation: A Contributor to Depressive Comorbidity in Inflammatory Skin Disease
Congenital nevus comedonicus complicated by a hidradenitis suppurativa‐like lesion: Report of a childhood case
Pediatric Dermatology, EarlyView.
Grading Severity and Activity in Thyroid Eye Disease
Nasolacrimal Sac Diverticulum: A Case Series and Literature Review
Orbital, Periorbital, and Intracranial Emphysema Caused by Compressed Air Injury in a 5-Year-Old Child
Phi, Fat, and the Mathematics of a Beautiful Midface
A pilot split‐scalp study of combined fractional radiofrequency microneedling and 5% topical minoxidil in treating male pattern hair loss
Clinical and Experimental Dermatology, EarlyView.
Part I: Onychomycosis: Clinical Overview and Diagnosis
Onychomycosis is a fungal nail infection caused by dermatophytes, non-dermatophytes, and yeast and is the most common nail disorder seen in clinical practice. It is an important problem, as it may cause local pain, paresthesias, difficulties performing activities of daily life, and impair social interactions. In the following continuing medical education manuscript, we review the epidemiology, risk factors, and clinical presentation of onychomycosis and demonstrate current and emerging diagnostic strategies.
Part II: Onychomycosis: Treatment and Prevention of Recurrence
Onychomycosis is a fungal nail infection caused by dermatophytes, non-dermatophytes, and yeast and is the most common nail disorder seen in clinical practice. It is an important problem, as it may cause local pain, paresthesias, difficulties performing activities of daily life, and impair social interactions. The epidemiology, risk factors, and clinical presentation and diagnosis of onychomycosis were discussed in the first article in this continuing medical education series. In this article, we review the prognosis and response to onychomycosis treatment, Food and Drug Administration approved medications for onychomycosis, as well as, off-label therapies and devices.
A broader filtration of UVA1 wavelengths improves skin photoprotection
Sun exposure involves ultraviolet (UV) rays: UVB (290-320 nm), UVA2 (320-340 nm) and UVA1 (340-400 nm). UVA1 rays represent the majority of UV reaching the Earth surface. In human, UVA1 induces an immediate and persistent non-protective skin darkening and contribute to photoaging, immunosuppression and carcinogenesis [1–4]. Using in vitro reconstructed skin, we showed that UVA1 exposure generated reactive oxygen species and led to epidermal damage and fibroblast apoptosis. A strong UVA1-induced alteration of the expression of genes encoding proteins involved in essential biological pathways was also evidenced in this 3D model, and in human skin in vivo [5,6].
A comparison of patient satisfaction (using the Breast-Q questionnaire) with bilateral breast reconstruction following risk-reducing or therapeutic mastectomy
Patients undergoing mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction for cancer may be expected to have different perceptions of long term outcomes compared with those who have this operation prophylactically.
Effect of local application of transcutaneous carbon dioxide on survival of random pattern skin flaps
Skin flap procedures are widely used to reconstruct skin and soft tissue defects. Skin flap necrosis is a serious postoperative complication. Many researchers have introduced pharmacological agents to improve flap ischemia in experimental studies. However, these outcomes remain controversial. We previously demonstrated that transcutaneous CO2 application improves hypoxia in fracture repair. In this study, we hypothesized that improving hypoxia by transcutaneous CO2 application can improve the blood flow of skin flaps and increase angiogenesis.
Response to: Time course of improvement after re-repair procedure for VPI management
I read with interest the paper by Elsherbiny et al.1 I think this adds some important information about the time scale of change and the need for patience. It is unfortunate that the speech assessments were not made blindly and independently (as acknowledged by the authors). However, the improvement with time seems to be impressive.
Evaluation of heterogeneous catalytic ozonation process for diclofenac degradation in solutions synthetically prepared
Abstract
Sodium diclofenac (DCF) is a common analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug, which has become an environmental problem due to its growth and accumulation into water bodies. In this work, commercial (with excipients) and analytical (pure) DCF mineralization was studied by means of heterogeneous catalytic ozonation. The process was carried out with magnetite (Fe3O4) as a catalyst, which preserves its physical and chemical properties during the process. The best results of mineralization were obtained after a 40-min treatment of 35 mg/L analytical DCF solution, with a 0.5 g/L catalyst concentration. These results showed the highest organic load decrease, measured as dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), with 94 and 89%, respectively. In addition, the percentage of organic load decrease was compared between the conventional and the catalyzed process. Besides, reaction products were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the catalytic properties were identified by Mössbauer spectroscopy, which showed the catalyst maintained its nature after the process. Finally, the results obtained show that the heterogeneous catalytic process could be an efficient degradation treatment for emerging contaminants such as DCF.
Local BDNF Delivery to the Injured Cervical Spinal Cord using an Engineered Hydrogel Enhances Diaphragmatic Respiratory Function
We developed an innovative biomaterial-based approach to repair the critical neural circuitry that controls diaphragm activation by locally delivering brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) to injured cervical spinal cord. BDNF can be used to restore respiratory function via a number of potential repair mechanisms; however, widespread BDNF biodistribution resulting from delivery methods such as systemic injection or lumbar puncture can lead to inefficient drug delivery and adverse side effects. As a viable alternative, we developed a novel hydrogel-based system loaded with polysaccharide-BDNF particles self-assembled by electrostatic interactions that can be safely implanted in the intrathecal space for achieving local BDNF delivery with controlled dosing and duration. Implantation of BDNF hydrogel after C4/C5 contusion-type spinal cord injury (SCI) in female rats robustly preserved diaphragm function, as assessed by in vivo recordings of compound muscle action potential and electromyography amplitudes. However, BDNF hydrogel did not decrease lesion size or degeneration of cervical motor neuron soma, suggesting that its therapeutic mechanism of action was not neuroprotection within spinal cord. Interestingly, BDNF hydrogel significantly preserved diaphragm innervation by phrenic motor neurons (PhMNs), as assessed by detailed neuromuscular junction morphological analysis and retrograde PhMN labeling from diaphragm using cholera toxin B. Furthermore, BDNF hydrogel enhanced the serotonergic axon innervation of PhMNs that plays an important role in modulating PhMN excitability. Our findings demonstrate that local BDNF hydrogel delivery is a robustly effective and safe strategy to restore diaphragm function after SCI. In addition, we demonstrate novel therapeutic mechanisms by which BDNF can repair respiratory neural circuitry.
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Respiratory compromise is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality following traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). We used an innovative biomaterial-based drug delivery system in the form of a hydrogel that can be safely injected into the intrathecal space for achieving local delivery of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) with controlled dosing and duration, while avoiding side effects associated with other delivery methods. In a clinically relevant rat model of cervical contusion-type SCI, BDNF hydrogel robustly and persistently improved diaphragmatic respiratory function by enhancing phrenic motor neuron (PhMN) innervation of the diaphragm neuromuscular junction and by increasing serotonergic innervation of PhMNs in ventral horn of the cervical spinal cord. These exciting findings demonstrate that local BDNF hydrogel delivery is a safe and robustly effective strategy to maintain respiratory function after cervical SCI.
Laminin {beta}2 Chain Regulates Retinal Progenitor Cell Mitotic Spindle Orientation via Dystroglycan
Vertebrate retinal development follows a pattern during which retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) give rise to all retinal cell types in a highly conserved temporal sequence. RPC proliferation and cell cycle exit are tightly coordinated to ensure proper and timely production of each of the retinal cell types. Extracellular matrix (ECM) plays an important role in eye development, influencing RPC proliferation and differentiation. In this study, we demonstrate that laminins, key ECM components, in the inner limiting membrane, control mitotic spindle orientation by providing environmental cues to the RPCs. In vivo deletion of laminin β2 in mice of both sexes results in a loss RPC basal processes and contact with the ECM, leading to a shift of the mitotic spindle pole orientation toward asymmetric cell divisions. This leads to decreased proliferation and premature RPC pool depletion, resulting in overproduction of rod photoreceptors at the expense of bipolar cells and Müller glia. Moreover, we show that deletion of laminin β2 leads to disruption and mislocalization of its receptors: dystroglycan and β1-integrin. Addition of exogenous β2-containing laminins to laminin β2-deficient retinal explants stabilizes the RPC basal processes and directs their mitotic spindle orientation toward symmetric divisions, leading to increased RPC proliferation, as well as restores proper receptor localization at the retinal surface. Finally, functional blocking of dystroglycan in wild-type retinal explants phenocopies laminin β2 ablation. Our data suggest that dystroglycan-mediated signaling between RPCs and the ECM is of key importance in controlling critical developmental events during retinogenesis.
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The mechanisms governing retinogenesis are subject to both intrinsic and extrinsic signaling cues. Although the role of intrinsic signaling has been the subject of many studies, our understanding of the role of the microenvironment in retinal development remains unclear. Using a combination of in vivo and ex vivo approaches, we demonstrate that laminins, key extracellular matrix components, provide signaling cues that control retinal progenitor cell attachment to the basement membrane, mitotic axis, proliferation, and fate adoption. Moreover, we identify, for the first time, dystroglycan as the receptor responsible for directing retinal progenitor cell mitotic spindle orientation. Our data suggest a mechanism where dystroglycan-mediated signaling between the cell and the extracellular matrix controls the proliferative potential of progenitors in the developing CNS.
Chemogenetic Activation of Prefrontal Cortex Rescues Synaptic and Behavioral Deficits in a Mouse Model of 16p11.2 Deletion Syndrome
Microdeletion of the human 16p11.2 gene locus has been linked to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disability and confers risk for a number of other neurodevelopmental deficits. Transgenic mice carrying 16p11.2 deletion (16p11+/–) display phenotypes reminiscent of those in human patients with 16p11.2 deletion syndrome, but the molecular mechanisms and treatment strategies for these phenotypes remain unknown. In this study, we have found that both male and female 16p11+/– mice exhibit deficient NMDA receptor (NMDAR) function in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), a brain region critical for high-level "executive" functions. Elevating the activity of mPFC pyramidal neurons with a CaMKII-driven Gq-DREADD (Gq-coupled designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs) led to the significant increase of NR2B subunit phosphorylation and the restoration of NMDAR function, as well as the amelioration of cognitive and social impairments in 16p11+/– mice. These results suggest that NMDAR hypofunction in PFC may contribute to the pathophysiology of 16p11.2 deletion syndrome and that restoring PFC activity is sufficient to rescue the behavioral deficits.
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The 16p11.2 deletion syndrome is strongly associated with autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability. Using a mouse model carrying the 16p11.2 deletion, 16p11+/–, we identified NMDA receptor hypofunction in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Elevating the activity of PFC pyramidal neurons with a chemogenetic tool, Gq-DREADD, led to the restoration of NMDA receptor function and the amelioration of cognitive and social impairments in 16p11+/– mice. These results have revealed a novel route for potential therapeutic intervention of 16p11.2 deletion syndrome.
Cell-Type-Specific Role of {Delta}FosB in Nucleus Accumbens In Modulating Intermale Aggression
A growing number of studies implicate the brain's reward circuitry in aggressive behavior. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms within brain reward regions that modulate the intensity of aggression as well as motivation for it have been underexplored. Here, we investigate the cell-type-specific influence of FosB, a transcription factor known to regulate a range of reward and motivated behaviors, acting in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a key reward region, in male aggression in mice. We show that FosB is specifically increased in dopamine D1 receptor (Drd1)-expressing medium spiny neurons (D1-MSNs) in NAc after repeated aggressive encounters. Viral-mediated induction of FosB selectively in D1-MSNs of NAc intensifies aggressive behavior without affecting the preference for the aggression-paired context in a conditioned place preference (CPP) assay. In contrast, FosB induction selectively in D2-MSNs reduces the time spent exploring the aggression-paired context during CPP without affecting the intensity of aggression per se. These data strongly support a dissociable cell-type-specific role for FosB in the NAc in modulating aggression and aggression reward.
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Aggressive behavior is associated with several neuropsychiatric disorders and can be disruptive for affected individuals as well as their victims. Studies have shown a positive reinforcement mechanism underlying aggressive behavior that shares many common features with drug addiction. Here, we explore the cell-type-specific role of the addiction-associated transcription factor FosB in the nucleus accumbens in aggression. We found that FosB expression promotes aggressive behavior, effects that are dissociable from its effects on aggression reward. This finding is a significant first step in identifying therapeutic targets for the reduction of aggressive behavior across a range of neuropsychiatric illnesses.
Modality-Independent Coding of Scene Categories in Prefrontal Cortex
Natural environments convey information through multiple sensory modalities, all of which contribute to people's percepts. Although it has been shown that visual or auditory content of scene categories can be decoded from brain activity, it remains unclear how humans represent scene information beyond a specific sensory modality domain. To address this question, we investigated how categories of scene images and sounds are represented in several brain regions. A group of healthy human subjects (both sexes) participated in the present study, where their brain activity was measured with fMRI while viewing images or listening to sounds of different real-world environments. We found that both visual and auditory scene categories can be decoded not only from modality-specific areas, but also from several brain regions in the temporal, parietal, and prefrontal cortex (PFC). Intriguingly, only in the PFC, but not in any other regions, categories of scene images and sounds appear to be represented in similar activation patterns, suggesting that scene representations in PFC are modality-independent. Furthermore, the error patterns of neural decoders indicate that category-specific neural activity patterns in the middle and superior frontal gyri are tightly linked to categorization behavior. Our findings demonstrate that complex scene information is represented at an abstract level in the PFC, regardless of the sensory modality of the stimulus.
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Our experience in daily life includes multiple sensory inputs, such as images, sounds, or scents from the surroundings, which all contribute to our understanding of the environment. Here, for the first time, we investigated where and how in the brain information about the natural environment from multiple senses is merged to form modality-independent representations of scene categories. We show direct decoding of scene categories across sensory modalities from patterns of neural activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). We also conclusively tie these neural representations to human categorization behavior by comparing patterns of errors between a neural decoder and behavior. Our findings suggest that PFC is a central hub for integrating sensory information and computing modality-independent representations of scene categories.
Preferential Targeting of Lateral Entorhinal Inputs onto Newly Integrated Granule Cells
Mature dentate granule cells in the hippocampus receive input from the entorhinal cortex via the perforant path in precisely arranged lamina, with medial entorhinal axons innervating the middle molecular layer and lateral entorhinal cortex axons innervating the outer molecular layer. Although vastly outnumbered by mature granule cells, adult-generated newborn granule cells play a unique role in hippocampal function, which has largely been attributed to their enhanced excitability and plasticity (Schmidt-Hieber et al., 2004; Ge et al., 2007). Inputs from the medial and lateral entorhinal cortex carry different informational content. Thus, the distribution of inputs onto newly integrated granule cells will affect their function in the circuit. Using retroviral labeling in combination with selective optogenetic activation of medial or lateral entorhinal inputs, we examined the functional innervation and synaptic maturation of newly generated dentate granule cells in the mouse hippocampus. Our results indicate that lateral entorhinal inputs provide the majority of functional innervation of newly integrated granule cells at 21 d postmitosis. Despite preferential functional targeting, the dendritic spine density of immature granule cells was similar in the outer and middle molecular layers, which we speculate could reflect an unequal distribution of shaft synapses. However, chronic blockade of neurotransmitter release of medial entorhinal axons with tetanus toxin disrupted normal synapse development of both medial and lateral entorhinal inputs. Our results support a role for preferential lateral perforant path input onto newly generated neurons in mediating pattern separation, but also indicate that medial perforant path input is necessary for normal synaptic development.
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The formation of episodic memories involves the integration of contextual and spatial information. Newly integrated neurons in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus play a critical role in this process, despite constituting only a minor fraction of the total number of granule cells. Here we demonstrate that these neurons preferentially receive information thought to convey the context of an experience. Each newly integrated granule cell plays this unique role for ~1 month before reaching maturity.
nox2/cybb Deficiency Affects Zebrafish Retinotectal Connectivity
NADPH oxidase (Nox)-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been linked to neuronal polarity, axonal outgrowth, cerebellar development, regeneration of sensory axons, and neuroplasticity. However, the specific roles that individual Nox isoforms play during nervous system development in vivo remain unclear. To address this problem, we investigated the role of Nox activity in the development of retinotectal connections in zebrafish embryos. Zebrafish broadly express four nox genes (nox1, nox2/cybb, nox5, and duox) throughout the CNS during early development. Application of a pan-Nox inhibitor, celastrol, during the time of optic nerve (ON) outgrowth resulted in significant expansion of the ganglion cell layer (GCL), thinning of the ON, and a decrease in retinal axons reaching the optic tectum (OT). With the exception of GCL expansion, these effects were partially ameliorated by the addition of H2O2, a key ROS involved in Nox signaling. To address isoform-specific Nox functions, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to generate mutations in each zebrafish nox gene. We found that nox2/cybb chimeric mutants displayed ON thinning and decreased OT innervation. Furthermore, nox2/cybb homozygous mutants (nox2/cybb–/–) showed significant GCL expansion and mistargeted retinal axons in the OT. Neurite outgrowth from cultured zebrafish retinal ganglion cells was reduced by Nox inhibitors, suggesting a cell-autonomous role for Nox in these neurons. Collectively, our results show that Nox2/Cybb is important for retinotectal development in zebrafish.
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Most isoforms of NADPH oxidase (Nox) only produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) when activated by an upstream signal, making them ideal candidates for ROS signaling. Nox enzymes are present in neurons and their activity has been shown to be important for neuronal development and function largely by in vitro studies. However, whether Nox is involved in the development of axons and formation of neuronal connections in vivo has remained unclear. Using mutant zebrafish embryos, this study shows that a specific Nox isoform, Nox2/Cybb, is important for the establishment of axonal connections between retinal ganglion cells and the optic tectum.
Pre-Bout Neural Activity Changes in Premotor Nucleus HVC Correlate with Successful Initiation of Learned Song Sequence
Preparatory activity, characterized by gradual, longer timescale changes in neural activity, is present in a number of different brain areas before the onset of simple movements and is believed to be important for movement initiation. However, relatively little is known about such activity before initiation of naturally learned movement sequences. The song of an adult male zebra finch is a well studied example of a naturally learned movement sequence and previous studies have shown robust premotor activity immediately before song. Here, I characterize longer timescale changes in neural activity in adult male zebra finch premotor nucleus HVC before onset of song bouts. I show that interneurons and a subset of basal-ganglia-projecting neurons change their activity several hundred milliseconds before song bout onset. Interneurons increased their activity, whereas basal-ganglia-projecting neurons either increased or decreased their activity. Such changes in neural activity were larger, started earlier, and were more common specifically before song bouts that began with the short, repetitive, introductory notes (INs) characteristic of zebra finch song bouts. Further, stronger and earlier changes were also correlated with successful song sequence initiation. Finally, a small fraction of basal-ganglia-projecting neurons that increased their activity before song bout onset did not have song or IN-related activity, suggesting a specialized preparatory role for such neurons. Overall, these data suggest that pre-bout activity in HVC represents preparatory activity important for initiation of a naturally learned movement sequence.
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Changes in neuronal activity well before the onset of simple movements are thought to be important for movement initiation. However, a number of animal movements consist of sequences of simple movements and relatively little is known about neuronal activity before such movement sequences. Using adult zebra finch song, a well studied example of a movement sequence, I show here that neurons in premotor nucleus HVC change their activity hundreds of milliseconds before song bout onset. In most neurons, the presence of such changes correlated with successful song sequence initiation. My results show the presence of preparatory neural activity in HVC and suggest a role for HVC in sequence initiation in addition to its established role in song sequence timing.
Lrfn2-Mutant Mice Display Suppressed Synaptic Plasticity and Inhibitory Synapse Development and Abnormal Social Communication and Startle Response
SALM1 (SALM (synaptic adhesion-like molecule), also known as LRFN2 (leucine rich repeat and fibronectin type III domain containing), is a postsynaptic density (PSD)-95-interacting synaptic adhesion molecule implicated in the regulation of NMDA receptor (NMDAR) clustering largely based on in vitro data, although its in vivo functions remain unclear. Here, we found that mice lacking SALM1/LRFN2 (Lrfn2–/– mice) show a normal density of excitatory synapses but altered excitatory synaptic function, including enhanced NMDAR-dependent synaptic transmission but suppressed NMDAR-dependent synaptic plasticity in the hippocampal CA1 region. Unexpectedly, SALM1 expression was detected in both glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons and Lrfn2–/– CA1 pyramidal neurons showed decreases in the density of inhibitory synapses and the frequency of spontaneous inhibitory synaptic transmission. Behaviorally, ultrasonic vocalization was suppressed in Lrfn2–/– pups separated from their mothers and acoustic startle was enhanced, but locomotion, anxiety-like behavior, social interaction, repetitive behaviors, and learning and memory were largely normal in adult male Lrfn2–/– mice. These results suggest that SALM1/LRFN2 regulates excitatory synapse function, inhibitory synapse development, and social communication and startle behaviors in mice.
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Synaptic adhesion molecules regulate synapse development and function, which govern neural circuit and brain functions. The SALM/LRFN (synaptic adhesion-like molecule/leucine rich repeat and fibronectin type III domain containing) family of synaptic adhesion proteins consists of five known members for which the in vivo functions are largely unknown. Here, we characterized mice lacking SALM1/LRFN2 (SALM1 KO) known to associate with NMDA receptors (NMDARs) and found that these mice showed altered NMDAR-dependent synaptic transmission and plasticity, as expected, but unexpectedly also exhibited suppressed inhibitory synapse development and synaptic transmission. Behaviorally, SALM1 KO pups showed suppressed ultrasonic vocalization upon separation from their mothers and SALM1 KO adults showed enhanced responses to loud acoustic stimuli. These results suggest that SALM1/LRFN2 regulates excitatory synapse function, inhibitory synapse development, social communication, and acoustic startle behavior.
Increased Microglial Activity, Impaired Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis, and Depressive-like Behavior in Microglial VPS35-Depleted Mice
Vacuolar sorting protein 35 (VPS35) is a critical component of retromer, which is essential for selective endosome-to-Golgi retrieval of membrane proteins. VPS35 deficiency is implicated in neurodegenerative disease pathology, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, exactly how VPS35 loss promotes AD pathogenesis remains largely unclear. VPS35 is expressed in various types of cells in the brain, including neurons and microglia. Whereas neuronal VPS35 plays a critical role in preventing neurodegeneration, the role of microglial VPS35 is largely unknown. Here we provide evidence for microglial VPS35's function in preventing microglial activation and promoting adult hippocampal neurogenesis. VPS35 is expressed in microglia in various regions of the mouse brain, with a unique distribution pattern in a brain region-dependent manner. Conditional knocking out of VPS35 in microglia of male mice results in regionally increased microglial density and activity in the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG), accompanied by elevated neural progenitor proliferation, but decreased neuronal differentiation. Additionally, newborn neurons in the mutant DG show impaired dendritic morphology and reduced dendritic spine density. When examining the behavioral phenotypes of these animals, microglial VPS3S-depleted mice display depression-like behavior and impairment in long-term recognition memory. At the cellular level, VPS35-depleted microglia have grossly enlarged vacuolar structures with increased phagocytic activity toward postsynaptic marker PSD95, which may underlie the loss of dendritic spines observed in the mutant DG. Together, these findings identify an important role of microglial VPS35 in suppressing microglial activation and promoting hippocampal neurogenesis, which are both processes involved in AD pathogenesis.
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The findings presented here provide the first in vivo evidence that Vacuolar sorting protein 35 (VPS35)/retromer is essential for regulating microglial function and that when microglial retromer mechanics are disrupted, the surrounding brain tissue can be affected in a neurodegenerative manner. These findings present a novel, microglial-specific role of VPS35 and raise multiple questions regarding the mechanisms underlying our observations. These findings also have myriad implications for the field of retromer research and the role of retromer dysfunction in neurodegenerative pathophysiology. Furthermore, they implicate a pivotal role of microglia in the regulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis and the survival/integration of newborn neurons in the adult hippocampus.
Copine-6 Binds to SNAREs and Selectively Suppresses Spontaneous Neurotransmission
Recent studies suggest that spontaneous and action potential-evoked neurotransmitter release processes are independently regulated. However, the mechanisms that uncouple the two forms of neurotransmission remain unclear. In cultured mouse and rat neurons, we show that the two C2 domain-containing protein copine-6 is localized to presynaptic terminals and binds to synaptobrevin2 as well as other SNARE proteins in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Ca2+-dependent interaction of copine-6 with synaptobrevin2 selectively suppresses spontaneous neurotransmission in a reaction that requires the tandem tryptophan residues at the C-terminal region of synaptobrevin2. Accordingly, copine-6 loss of function augmented presynaptic Ca2+ elevation-mediated neurotransmitter release. Intracellular Ca2+ chelation, on the other hand, occluded copine-6-mediated suppression of release. We also evaluated the molecular specificity of the copine-6-dependent regulation of spontaneous release and found that overexpression of copine-6 did not suppress spontaneous release in synaptobrevin2-deficient neurons. Together, these results suggest that copine-6 acts as a specific Ca2+-dependent suppressor of spontaneous neurotransmission.
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Synaptic transmission occurs both in response to presynaptic action potentials and spontaneously, in the absence of stimulation. Currently, much more is understood about the mechanisms underlying action potential-evoked neurotransmission compared with spontaneous release. However, recent studies have shown selective modulation of spontaneous neurotransmission process by several neuromodulators, suggesting specific molecular regulation of spontaneous release. In this study, we identify copine-6 as a specific regulator of spontaneous neurotransmission. By both gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments, we show that copine-6 functions as a Ca2+-dependent suppressor of spontaneous release. These results further elucidate the mechanisms underlying differential regulation of evoked and spontaneous neurotransmitter release.
Blocking Autophagy in Oligodendrocytes Limits Functional Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury
Autophagy mechanisms are well documented in neurons after spinal cord injury (SCI), but the direct functional role of autophagy in oligodendrocyte (OL) survival in SCI pathogenesis remains unknown. Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved lysosomal-mediated catabolic pathway that ensures degradation of dysfunctional cellular components to maintain homeostasis in response to various forms of stress, including nutrient deprivation, hypoxia, reactive oxygen species, DNA damage, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Using pharmacological gain and loss of function and genetic approaches, we investigated the contribution of autophagy in OL survival and its role in the pathogenesis of thoracic contusive SCI in female mice. Although upregulation of Atg5 (an essential autophagy gene) occurs after SCI, autophagy flux is impaired. Purified myelin fractions of contused 8 d post-SCI samples show enriched protein levels of LC3B, ATG5, and BECLIN 1. Data show that, while the nonspecific drugs rapamycin (activates autophagy) and spautin 1 (blocks autophagy) were pharmacologically active on autophagy in vivo, their administration did not alter locomotor recovery after SCI. To directly analyze the role of autophagy, transgenic mice with conditional deletion of Atg5 in OLs were generated. Analysis of hindlimb locomotion demonstrated a significant reduction in locomotor recovery after SCI that correlated with a greater loss in spared white matter. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that deletion of Atg5 from OLs resulted in decreased autophagic flux and was detrimental to OL function after SCI. Thus, our study provides evidence that autophagy is an essential cytoprotective pathway operating in OLs and is required for hindlimb locomotor recovery after thoracic SCI.
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This study describes the role of autophagy in oligodendrocyte (OL) survival and pathogenesis after thoracic spinal cord injury (SCI). Modulation of autophagy with available nonselective drugs after thoracic SCI does not affect locomotor recovery despite being pharmacologically active in vivo, indicating significant off-target effects. Using transgenic mice with conditional deletion of Atg5 in OLs, this study definitively identifies autophagy as an essential homeostatic pathway that operates in OLs and exhibits a direct functional role in SCI pathogenesis and recovery. Therefore, this study emphasizes the need to discover novel autophagy-specific drugs that specifically modulate autophagy for further investigation for clinical translation to treat SCI and other CNS pathologies related to OL survival.
h-Type Membrane Current Shapes the Local Field Potential from Populations of Pyramidal Neurons
In cortex, the local field potential (LFP) is thought to mainly stem from correlated synaptic input to populations of geometrically aligned neurons. Computer models of single cortical pyramidal neurons showed that subthreshold voltage-dependent membrane conductances can also shape the LFP signal, in particular the hyperpolarization-activated cation current (Ih; h-type). This ion channel is prominent in various types of pyramidal neurons, typically showing an increasing density gradient along the apical dendrites. Here, we investigate how Ih affects the LFP generated by a model of a population of cortical pyramidal neurons. We find that the LFP from populations of neurons that receive uncorrelated synaptic input can be well predicted by the LFP from single neurons. In this case, when input impinges on the distal dendrites, where most h-type channels are located, a strong resonance in the LFP was measured near the soma, whereas the opposite configuration does not reveal an Ih contribution to the LFP. Introducing correlations in the synaptic inputs to the pyramidal cells strongly amplifies the LFP, while maintaining the differential effects of Ih for distal dendritic versus perisomatic input. Previous theoretical work showed that input correlations do not amplify LFP power when neurons receive synaptic input uniformly across the cell. We find that this crucially depends on the membrane conductance distribution: the asymmetric distribution of Ih results in a strong amplification of the LFP when synaptic inputs to the cell population are correlated. In conclusion, we find that the h-type current is particularly suited to shape the LFP signal in cortical populations.
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The local field potential (LFP), the low-frequency part of extracellular potentials recorded in neural tissue, is often used for probing neural circuit activity. While the cortical LFP is thought to mainly reflect synaptic inputs onto pyramidal neurons, little is known about the role of subthreshold active conductances in shaping the LFP. By means of biophysical modeling we obtain a comprehensive, qualitative understanding of how LFPs generated by populations of cortical pyramidal neurons depend on active subthreshold currents, and identify the key importance of the h-type channel. Our results show that LFPs can give information about the active properties of neurons and that preferred frequencies in the LFP can result from those cellular properties instead of, for example, network dynamics.
Incidence of Lyme Disease Diagnosis in a Maryland Medicaid Population, 2004-2011
Can e-Cigarettes and Pharmaceutical Aids Increase Smoking Cessation and Reduce Cigarette Consumption? Findings from a Nationally Representative Cohort of American Smokers
Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Depression, and Alcohol Consumption During Joblessness and During Recessions in CARDIA Young Adults
A Bayesian approach to understanding gender differences in tuberculosis disease burden
Visible light-induced biocidal activities and mechanistic study of neutral porphyrin derivatives against S. aureus and E. coli
Publication date: August 2018
Source:Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, Volume 185
Author(s): Jing Wang, Xia Yang, Hu Song, Wei Liao, Liangang Zhuo, Guanquan Wang, Hongyuan Wei, Yuchuan Yang, Shunzhong Luo, Zhijun Zhou
Positive charged porphyrins have long been regarded as effective biocidal agents, however neutral porphyrins have rarely been studied in their ability photoinactivating microbials, and the structure-activity relationship such as correlation of electronic effect and biocidal activity of porphyrins still remains unclear. Herein, four neutral porphyrins with various electronic effects were selected to undergo light-induced biocidal processes. It turned out that the TPPOH and TPPNH2 with electron-donating groups NH2 and OH, respectively, exhibited much more powerful light-induced biocidal activities against E. coli and S. aureus than TPP and TPPNO2 with electron-withdrawing group NO2. This phenomenon suggested that neutral porphyrins may be treated as a new class of biocidal agents and functional groups with various electronic effects on porphyrins can dramatically affect porphyrins' light-induced biocidal activities. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that despite a better light-induced antibacterial ability of TPPOH, its singlet oxygen generation efficacy is a little lower than that of TPPNH2, together with charge characteristics and lipophilicity, it is clear that (1) the oxidative species singlet oxygen and ROS played the key role in the photo-activated antimicrobial processes of porphyrins, and (2) higher singlet oxygen or ROS yields of TPPOH and TPPNH2 may originate from their structural characteristics, namely electron-donating groups OH or NH2, and (3) a synergistic effect of all other factors including the electrostatic and hydrophobic effects must involve in the process and cooperatively determine their biocidal activities.
Graphical abstract
Is it time to reconsider the role of irinotecan for the treatment of high-grade gliomas?
Clinical and Laboratory Markers of Relapse in Cutaneous Polyarteritis Nodosa
Targeting Tropomyosin Receptor Kinase in Cutaneous CYLD Defective Tumors With Pegcantratinib
Cutavirus Infection in Primary Cutaneous B- and T-Cell Lymphoma
Strengthening the Case for the Role of Thrombophilia in Calciphylaxis
Strengthening the Case for the Role of Thrombophilia in Calciphylaxis
Decision Tree Model vs Traditional Measures for Associations of Sun-Protective Behaviors
Assessing the Competence of Aging Physicians Who Are Young at Heart
Increased leaching and addition of amendments improve the properties of seawater-neutralized bauxite residue as a growth medium
Abstract
Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were carried out to investigate the chemical, physical, and microbial properties of seawater-neutralized bauxite residues and the effects of additional leaching (1 pore volume of deionized water versus an additional 6 pore volumes) and amendment with gypsum (5%) and/or cattle manure (6%) on its properties and on the growth of Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana). Additional leaching resulted in a decrease in EC, exchangeable Na, SAR, and ESP. For unamended control treatments, additional leaching induced a rise in pHSE from 8.5 to 9.6 and pH1:5 from 9.1 to 10.1 due to dissolution of residual alkalinity. Addition of gypsum arrested this pH increase resulting in a final pHSE of 7.5 and pH1:5 of 8.8. In control treatments, additional leaching resulted in a pronounced decrease in Rhodes grass yields. However, in gypsum and cattle manure-amended treatments, it led to substantial yield increases and decreases in tissue Al and Na concentrations and increased K/Na ratios. Upon drying for the first time, bauxite residue was shown to contract and form a solid massive structure. The aggregates formed from crushing this material were water stable (as measured by wet sieving). Additions of cattle manure or gypsum to residue aggregates did not affect pore size distribution. Addition of cattle manure increased organic C and microbial biomass C content and basal respiration rate while additional leaching increased basal respiration and metabolic quotient. It was concluded that a combination of drying and crushing the residue, amending it with gypsum and organic manure followed by extensive leaching results in the formation of a medium that supports plant growth.
Properties and effects of organic additives on performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine: a comprehensive review
Abstract
Fast depletion of conventional automobile fuels and environmental pollution due to exhaust emission are the issues of great importance. Improvement in engine performance and emission control is quite difficult to handle simultaneously. The fuel properties can be improved substantially by incorporation of additives in different proportions to get better emission standard without deteriorating the engine performance. The aim of current study is to review/summarize the effects of various organic additives on the engine performance (i.e., brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, volumetric efficiency, etc.) and emissions (i.e., carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, particulate matter, and other harmful compounds). The physico-chemical and combustion properties (i.e., density, latent heat, dynamic viscosity, flash point, boiling point, cetane number, oxygen content, lower heating value, auto-ignition temperature, etc.) of various additives were also discussed to check the suitability of additives with diesel. Finally, limitations and opportunities using organic additives with respect to engine performance and combustion were discussed to guide future research and improvement in this field.
Chiral triazole fungicide tebuconazole: enantioselective bioaccumulation, bioactivity, acute toxicity, and dissipation in soils
Abstract
Enantioselectivity in environmental behavior and toxic effect of chiral pesticides has been received much attention. In this study, enantioselective bioactivity towards target organism Botrytis cinerea, acute toxicity and bioaccumulation in Eisenia fetida, and degradation in five kinds of soil under laboratory conditions regarding triazole fungicide tebuconazole were investigated. The results showed that fungicidal activity to Botrytis cinerea of R-(−)-tebuconazole was 44 times higher than S-(+)-tebuconazole with an order of R-(−)-tebuconazole > rac-tebuconazole > S-(+)-tebuconazole. No significant difference was found in acute toxicity of rac-, R-, and S-tebuconazole to E. fetida with 48-h EC50 of 10.78, 10.48, and 10.84 μg/cm2, respectively. Dissipation of tebuconazole in the five tested soils varied upon soil characteristics with half-life ranging from 32.2 to 216.6 days. Enantioselective and rapid dissipation of tebuconazole were observed in soils Hainan and Huajiachi, compared to the other soils. Enantioselective accumulation of tebuconazole in E. fetida was found with a preferential of S-(+)-tebuconazole although no significant difference in acute toxicity to E. fetida between rac-tebuconazole and enantiomers. The results indicated that S-(+)-tebuconazole with less fungicidal activity may be more likely to be accumulated in earthworm E. fetida. This research is helpful to better evaluate the environmental and ecological risk of tebuconazole on enantiomeric level.
Solvent effect on endosulfan adsorption onto polymeric arginine-methacrylate cryogels
Abstract
Endosulfan is a persistent insecticide that is still used in some countries even though it is life-threatening and banned in the agricultural struggle. The solubility of pesticides in water is negligible. It is known that pesticides with better solubility in organic solvents have different solubility when the dielectric constants of these solvents are taken into account. The polymeric structure of arginine was modified with methacrylate to be a functional monomer, and it was immobilized on a solid support, poly(HEMA), and finally, poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-arginine methacrylate) was obtained and used as an effective adsorbent. The effect of organic solvents on endosulfan adsorption was investigated for the first time in the literature. Endosulfan was removed from alcohol media by using this polymeric structure synthesized by exploiting alcoho-phobic interaction in this work. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), elemental analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) methods were used for the structural characterization and therefore to prove successful synthesis of cryogels. Morphological characteristics were also investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), an N2 adsorption method, and swelling test. Adsorption experiments were carried out against varying interaction time and concentration parameters in the batch system. Since the alcohol used as a solvent has a pH value close to the ionic strength of drinking water, no change was made in the pH of the solution. Endosulfan molecules dissolved in solvents such as toluene, dichloromethane, acetone, and chloroform were removed using poly(HEMA-ArMA) cryogels to determine the solvent effect on the adsorption of endosulfan. As expected, the removal of endosulfan from the solvent toluene provided the best result. Although the adsorption in toluene is almost 9.5 times higher than that in ethanol, the use of toluene in the adsorption process due to its chemical structure is not feasible. Thus, experiments were carried out in ethanol.
Source apportionment of heavy metals and their ecological risk in a tropical river basin system
Abstract
Surface water and sediment samples were collected from Ajay River basin to appraise the behavior of heavy metals with surrounding environments and their inter-elemental relationships. Parameters like pH and organic carbon are having a minimal role in heavy metal distribution while some elements like Fe and Cu showed great affinity for organic matter based on linear regression analysis (LRA). Ficklin diagram justified that river basin is not contaminated through acidic pollutants. The river basin is highly enriched with Cu, Cd, Pb, and Ni which were much higher than world average values, average shale standard, effect range low (ERL), and threshold effect level (TEL). PCA and LRA verified that Cu, Cd, Pb, and Ni were mainly derived from anthropogenic inputs, and others like Fe, Mn, Zn, and Co came from geogenic sources. Pollution indices revealed that river basin is moderately to highly contaminated by Cu, Cd, and Ni. Furthermore, Ajay River basin is under strong potential ecological risk based on the obtained value of risk index and probable effect level/effect range median quotient index. However, river basin is strongly influenced by lithological properties, diversified hydrogeological settings, mineralization and mobilization of subsurface materials, and urban and industrial effluents which are controlling the heavy metals.
Potential health impacts from different vegetable nitrate intake scenarios and providing strategies to manage the risks for Iranian population
Abstract
Health risk from nitrate was predicted for different scenarios of vegetable consumption and nitrate contents in Iran. Finally, certain management scenarios were presented for nitrate risk mitigation under worst-case scenario considering each vegetable contribution in nitrate intake. Two fruit (bell pepper and tomato) and two leafy vegetables (lettuce and mint) were sampled in a combined randomized method from fields, greenhouses, and markets of Isfahan province, Iran during October to December 2015. To assess the potential health impacts of nitrate from the vegetable ingestion, the present status and three different scenarios of increasing vegetable consumption and/or increasing plant nitrate concentrations were considered. Two management scenarios for reducing the total nitrate intake below the allowable values were predicted. By increasing vegetable consumption under scenario 1 and nitrate concentration under scenario 3, the total hazard quotient (THQs) was increased, although the highest increase (12-fold) in the THQs was provided by lettuce. Health risk from nitrate for sensitive groups was effectively reduced by a 70% decrease in lettuce nitrate concentration. In the second management scenario, decreasing upper nitrate concentrations in the other sources (except lettuce) by 30% declined nitrate intake in children (< 6 years old) and boys (7–14 years old) below acceptable daily intake (ADI). By taking into account the increases in the amounts of consumption and nitrate in vegetables at different scenarios, it was revealed that the critical factor for a high dietary exposure to nitrate is not the absolute amount of vegetables consumed but the type of vegetable (lettuce) and the concentration of nitrate related to the conditions of production. Therefore, to manage any risks to human health from dietary nitrate exposure resulting from vegetable consumption, focus on lettuce instead of taking other vegetables equally into account is needed.
Bacterial microbiome of root-associated endophytes of Salicornia europaea in correspondence to different levels of salinity
Abstract
The halophytes have evolved several strategies to survive in saline environments; however, an additional support from their associated microbiota helps combat adverse conditions. Hence, our driving interests to investigate the endophytic bacterial community richness, diversity, and composition associated to roots of Salicornia europaea from two test sites with different origins of soil salinity. We assumed that salinity will have a negative effect on the diversity of endophytes but simultaneously will permit the high occurrence of halophylic bacteria. Further, to establish the role of the host and its external environment in determining the endophytic diversity, we analyzed the physico-chemical parameters of root zone soil and the concentration of salt ions in the plant roots. The results based on the Miseq Illumina sequencing approach revealed a higher number of endophytic bacterial OTUs at naturally saline test site with a higher level of soil salinity. Proteobacteria and Bacteriodetes were the dominant endophytic phyla at both analyzed sites; additionally, the high occurrence of Planctomycetes and Acidobacteria at more saline site and the occurrence of Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Chloroflexi at less saline site were recorded. The salinity in the root zone soil was crucial in structuring the endophytic community of S. europaea, and the significant prevalence of representatives from the phyla Deltaproteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Caldithrix, Fibrobacteres, and Verrucomicrobia at the more saline test site suggest domination of halophylic bacteria with potential role in mitigation of salt stress of halophytes.
Predisposing factors that increase trigger digit incidence in carpal tunnel syndrome patients: A national, population-based study
Source:Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery
Author(s): Y.F Yuki Fujihara, NF Nasa Fujihara, Michiro Yamamoto
Letter to the editor: Evaluation of anatomical and round breast implant aesthetics and preferences in Dutch young lay and plastic surgeon cohort
Publication date: Available online 27 June 2018
Source:Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery
Author(s): Fengrui Cheng, Ying Cen
Refractory pityriasis rubra pilaris with good response after treatment with ustekinumab
JDDG: Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft, EarlyView.
Kinetics and thermodynamics of urea hydrolysis under the coupling of nitrogen application rate and temperature
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the coupled effects of temperature and urea application rate on kinetic and thermodynamic parameters to supplement the mechanism of urea hydrolysis and modify the Arrhenius model to improve the prediction accuracy of urea content. Laboratory experiments were conducted for sandy loam soil under different temperatures (T) (288, 293, 298, and 308 K) and urea application rates (F) (247, 309, 371, and 433 mg kg−1). Urea content was determined daily through high-performance liquid chromatography. Results showed that the interaction between temperature and urea application rate had a significant effect on reaction rate (Ku) and half-life (H1/2), whereas no significant effect on activation degree (lgN), activation free energy (ΔG), activation enthalpy (ΔH), and activation entropy (ΔS). The new Ku(T)-2 model with a determination coefficient (R2) = 0.990 was more accurate than the Arrhenius model with R2 = 0.965. The new U(T, F) model with a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) = 3.62% was more accurate than the traditional U(T) model with a MAPE = 6.38%. The effects of T and F were observed mainly during the preparatory stage and the most critical transition stage of the chemical reaction, respectively. The findings ΔH > 0, ΔG > 0, and ΔS < 0 indicated that urea hydrolysis was endothermic and controlled by enthalpy. These results supplemented the mechanism of urea hydrolysis and improved the prediction accuracy of urea content.
A novel method for sewage sludge composting using bamboo charcoal as a separating material
Abstract
Traditional composting processes must be conducted with a bulking agent to ensure adequate air space for aeration. The bulking agent and composting materials are always completely mixed. A novel layered structure was introduced in sewage sludge composting, in which no bulking agent was used and bamboo charcoal was used as a separating material. Three lab-scale composting reactors (A: sawdust and sludge; B: bamboo charcoal and sludge; and C: sawdust, bamboo charcoal, and sludge) were continuously operated for 29 days. Several physicochemical parameters were investigated to evaluate the feasibility of layered composting with bamboo charcoal. The results indicated that the maximum temperatures during the thermophilic stage in treatments A, B, and C were 51.4, 50.9, and 51 °C, respectively. Layered composting with bamboo charcoal decreased the pH of the thermophilic stage from 8.98 in A to 8.75 in C, and delayed the peaks by about 120 h. The degradation rates of dissolve organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved nitrogen (DN) were 75 and 71.5% in treatment B, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of control group A (60 and 59.1%, respectively). The total NH3 emissions of treatment C (2127.8 mg) were significantly lower than those of A (2522.8 mg). Our results suggested that layered composting using bamboo charcoal as a separating material could be an alternative strategy to the traditional composting method. Moreover, layered composting combined with sawdust could effectively reduce NH3 emissions and N loss.
Is conservative treatment an effective option for pilonidal sinus disease in children?
International Wound Journal, EarlyView.
A meta‐analysis of survival factors in rhino‐orbital‐cerebral mucormycosis – Has anything changed in the past 20 years?
Clinical Otolaryngology, Volume 0, Issue ja, -Not available-.
M/g-C 3 N 4 (M=Ag, Au, and Pd) composite: synthesis via sunlight photodeposition and application towards the degradation of bisphenol A
Abstract
In this work, natural sunlight successfully induced the deposition of gold (Au), silver (Ag), and palladium (Pd) nanoparticles (NPs) with 17.10, 9.07, and 12.70 wt% onto the surface of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4). The photocatalytic evaluation was carried out by adopting Bisphenol A (BPA) as a pollutant under natural sunlight irradiation. The presence of noble metals was confirmed by EDX, HRTEM, and XPS analysis. The deposition of Ag NPs (7.9 nm) resulted in the degradation rate which was 2.15-fold higher than pure g-C3N4 due to its relatively small particle size, contributing to superior charge separation efficiency. Au/g-C3N4 unveiled inferior photoactivity because the LSPR phenomenon provided two pathways for electron transfer between Au NPs and g-C3N4 further diminished the performance. The improved degradation lies crucially on the particle size and Schottky barrier formation at the interface of M/g-C3N4 (M=Au, Ag, and Pd) but not the visible light harvesting properties. The mechanism insight revealed the holes (h+) and superoxide radical (• O2−) radical actively involved in photocatalytic reaction for all composites.
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Publication date: Available online 28 September 2017 Source: Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas Author(s): F.J. Navarro-Triviño
